Abstract
Background: Previous research has shown that various memory errors reflecting failure in the self-monitoring of speech were associated with auditory/verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia patients and with proneness to hallucinations in non-clinical individuals.Method: We administered to 57 schizophrenia patients and 60 healthy participants a verbal memory task involving free recall and recognition of lists of words with different structures (high-frequency, low-frequency, and semantically organisable words). Extra-list intrusions in free recall were tallied, and the response bias reflecting tendency to make false recognitions of non-presented words was computed for each list.Results: In the male patient subsample, extra-list intrusions were positively associated with verbal hallucinations and inversely associated with negative symptoms. In the healthy participants the extra-list intrusions were positively associated with proneness to hallucinations. A liberal response bias in the recognition of the high-frequency words was associated with verbal hallucinations in male patients and with proneness to hallucinations in healthy men. Meanwhile, a conservative response bias for these high-frequency words was associated with negative symptoms in male patients and with social anhedonia in healthy men.Conclusion: Misattribution of inner speech to an external source, reflected by false recollection of familiar material, seems to underlie both clinical and non-clinical hallucinations. Further, both clinical and non-clinical negative symptoms may exert on verbal memory errors an effect opposite to that of hallucinations.
Highlights
Inner speech, referred to as verbal thinking, might have a central role in the selfregulation of cognition, behavior, and social interactions
Several studies have reported that schizophrenia patients with auditory/verbal hallucinations tend to misattribute their own verbal production to an external source (Bentall et al, 1991; Johns et al, 2001, 2006; Woodward et al, 2007; Costafreda et al, 2008), a bias observed in patients with delusions (Johns et al, 2006; Anselmetti et al, 2007; Costafreda et al, 2008) and in non-clinical individuals prone to hallucinations (Larøi et al, 2004) or to delusions (Allen et al, 2006)
We focused on two types of commission error in verbal memory tasks, namely the extra-list intrusions in free recall and the false recognitions of non-presented words in recognition, both assumed to stem from self-monitoring failure
Summary
Referred to as verbal thinking, might have a central role in the selfregulation of cognition, behavior, and social interactions. Previous research has shown that various memory errors reflecting failure in the self-monitoring of speech were associated with auditory/verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia patients and with proneness to hallucinations in non-clinical individuals. A liberal response bias in the recognition of the high-frequency words was associated with verbal hallucinations in male patients and with proneness to hallucinations in healthy men. Conclusion: Misattribution of inner speech to an external source, reflected by false recollection of familiar material, seems to underlie both clinical and non-clinical hallucinations. Both clinical and non-clinical negative symptoms may exert on verbal memory errors an effect opposite to that of hallucinations
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