Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious viral respiratory disease that affects million of people worldwide each year. Annual vaccination is recommended by the World Health Organization with the goal of reducing influenza severity and limiting transmission through elicitation of antibodies targeting the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. The antibody response elicited by current seasonal influenza virus vaccines is predominantly strain-specific, but pre-existing influenza virus immunity can greatly impact the serological antibody response to vaccination. However, it remains unclear how B cell memory is shaped by recurrent annual vaccination over the course of multiple seasons, especially in high-risk elderly populations. Here, we systematically profiled the B cell response in young adult (18-34 year old) and elderly (65+ year old) vaccine recipients that received annual split inactivated influenza virus vaccination for 3 consecutive seasons. Specifically, the antibody serological and memory B-cell compartments were profiled for reactivity against current and historical influenza A virus strains. Moreover, multiparametric analysis and antibody landscape profiling revealed a transient increase in strain-specific antibodies in the elderly, but with an impaired recall response of pre-existing memory B-cells, plasmablast (PB) differentiation and long-lasting serological changes. This study thoroughly profiles and compares the immune response to recurrent influenza virus vaccination in young and elderly participants unveiling the pitfalls of current influenza virus vaccines in high-risk populations.
Highlights
Seasonal influenza virus infection remains a major public health concern with significant social and economic impact
Immunological changes following influenza virus vaccination are generally assessed through serological hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) activity as a surrogate of receptor-blocking antibodies [23,24,25]
With a biparametric analysis of the anti-HA elicited antibodies, participants were categorized as high-HAI (Q1), high-non-HAI (Q2), strong-HAI (Q3) serological profiles against both influenza A viruses (IAV) vaccine components
Summary
Seasonal influenza virus infection remains a major public health concern with significant social and economic impact. During the 2018–2019 northern hemisphere influenza season, more than 30 million people were sick with influenza with >50% seeking healthcare services. Influenza is classified as of moderate severity disease by U.S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), with influenza viruses causing ~500,000 hospitalizations and ~30,000. Long-lasting antibody changes following influenza vaccination requires efficient memory B-cell recall responses
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