Impaired Innate Immunity in Pediatric Patients Type 1 Diabetes—Focus on Toll-like Receptors Expression

Katarzyna Kurianowicz,Martyna Podgajna,Dominika Bębnowska,Paulina Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej,Rafał Hrynkiewicz,Anna Hymos,Maria Klatka,Olga Sierawska,Agnieszka Polak

doi:10.3390/ijms222212135

Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (DM1) is classified as an autoimmune disease. An uncontrolled response of B and T lymphocytes to the body’s own tissues develops in the absence of immune tolerance. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the duration of type 1 diabetes in children on the expression of TLR receptors and the relationship with the parameters of glycemic control in patients. As a result, we showed significant differences in the level of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 expression in patients with DM1 in the early stage of the disease and treated chronically compared to the healthy group. Additionally, in this study, we found that the numbers of CD19+ B cells, CD3+ CD4+, CD3+ CD8+ T cells and NK cells are different for newly diagnosed DM1 individuals, patients receiving chronic treatment and for healthy controls, indicating an important role of these cells in killing pancreatic beta cells. Moreover, higher levels of IL-10 in patients with newly diagnosed DM1 have also been found, confirming the reports found in the literature.

Highlights

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases
The conducted analysis showed a significantly higher percentage (p = 0.009) and a higher number (p = 0.036) of CD3+ T cells in the group of children with type 1 diabetes compared to the control group
The increase of lymphocytes expressing TLR2 and TLR4 receptors in patients’ cases with type 1 diabetes in the early stage of the disease and those treated chronically suggests that stimulation of these receptors accompanies the development of the disease

Summary

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases. The UnitedNations recognized that it is the first and only non-communicable disease to be the epidemic of the 21st century [1]. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases. Nations recognized that it is the first and only non-communicable disease to be the epidemic of the 21st century [1]. The term “diabetes” as defined by the American Diabetes. Association (ADA) is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from disturbances in insulin secretion and/or function. Insufficient insulin secretion and/or reduced tissue response to insulin impairs its action in target tissues, which affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins [2]. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM 1) is one of the most common chronic metabolic diseases in the population under the age of 18. According to the 2017 report by the International

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