Abstract
AbstractInterannual variabilities of sea level and upper-ocean gyre circulation of the western tropical Pacific Ocean (WTPO) have been predominantly attributed to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The results of the present study put forward important modulation effects by the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode. The observed sea level in the WTPO shows significant instantaneous and lagged correlations (around −0.60 and 0.40, respectively) with the IOD mode index (DMI). A composite of 14 “independent” IOD events for 1958–2017 shows negative sea level anomalies (SLAs) of 4–7 cm in the WTPO during positive IOD events and positive SLAs of 6–8 cm in the following year that are opposite in sign to the El Niño effect. The IOD impacts are reproduced by large-ensemble simulations of a climate model that generate respectively 430 and 519 positive and negative independent IOD events. A positive IOD induces westerly winds over the western and central tropical Pacific and causes negative SLAs through Ekman upwelling, and it facilitates the establishment of a La Niña condition in the following year that involves enhanced Pacific trade winds and causes positive SLAs in the WTPO. Ocean model experiments confirm that the IOD affects the WTPO sea level mainly through modulating the tropical Pacific winds. Variability of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) induced by IOD winds has a relatively weak effect on the WTPO. The IOD’s impacts on the major upper-ocean currents are also considerable, causing anomalies of 1–4 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) in the South Equatorial Current (SEC) and North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) volume transports.
Highlights
Sea level variability is closely associated with ocean dynamical processes and has profound socioeconomic impacts on low-lying islands and coastal zones (e.g., Stammer et al 2013; Han et al 2017)
In SON(1), the positive sea level anomalies (SLAs) of 16.53 and 17.84 cm of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) composite are larger than those of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) composite. These results indicate that independently occurring IOD events may exert strong impacts on the western tropical Pacific Ocean (WTPO) sea level that differ from ENSO signatures, and this impact is stronger in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean (WEPO)
Anomalies induced by concurrent events (Fig. 9i) are approximately the sum of the positive IOD (pIOD) and El Niño signatures, showing positive SLAs in the northwestern tropical Pacific Ocean (NWPO) that is caused by the pIOD (Fig. 9c) and negative SLAs in the WEPO left by the El Niño (Fig. 9f)
Summary
CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Function Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
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