Impacts of Salinity Intrusion in Community Health: A Review of Experiences on Drinking Water Sodium from Coastal Areas of Bangladesh.

Mashura Shammi,Serene Bondad,Md Bodrud-Doza,Md Rahman

doi:10.3390/healthcare7010050

Mashura Shammi, Serene Bondad + Show 2 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7010050

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Abstract

Increasing salt intake has substantial negative impacts on human health and well-being. This article focused on the construction of Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework for drinking water sodium (DWS) followed by a review on the published studies regarding salinity intrusion, DWS, and their effects on health perspectives in Bangladesh. Saline water is an important factor for hypertension or high blood pressure in the coastal areas. DWS can also lead women, especially pregnant women, to an increased risk of (pre)eclampsia, hypertension, as well as infant mortality. Several interventions, such as rainwater harvesting, pond sand filter (PSF) system, managed aquifer recharge (MAR), and pilot scale solar-powered desalination plants, such as reverse osmosis (RO), were reviewed on the context of their effectiveness in controlling drinking water sodium. Although rainwater consumption has the positive impact of low or no sodium intake, it still possesses negative impacts from not having vital minerals. A steady increment in sodium concentration through the span of the dry season was observed in MAR. It is, subsequently, important to increase awareness on DWS intake by providing and adopting correct technological interventions and training communities on the maintenance of the adaptive measures.

Highlights

Seawater intrusion is a pressing issue in coastal aquifers worldwide
Our DPSIR framework was focused on drinking water sodium (DWS) and its associated health problems to apply it in the coastal zone management policy of Bangladesh (Figure 4)
managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can be affected by many risks

Summary

Introduction

Seawater intrusion is a pressing issue in coastal aquifers worldwide. In the mega-delta coastal areas of Vietnam, Bangladesh, and India, surface and near-surface drinking water are most susceptible to contamination by saline water intrusion, putting more than 25 million people at jeopardy of drinking saline water. Climate change is liable for intensifying this problem, which has adverse health consequences, such as greater prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases [3]. The cumulative effects of salinity, arsenic contamination, and drought pose threats to the water quality and security, as well as health of coastal communities in Bangladesh [2]. Contamination of water occurs by varying degrees of salinity from rising sea levels, cyclone and storm surges, and upstream withdrawal of freshwater [4]

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