Impacts of local and global stressors in intertidal habitats: Influence of altered nutrient, sediment and temperature levels on the early life history of three habitat-forming macroalgae

Abstract

As human pressure in coastal areas increases, it is important to understand how key functional components of nearshore ecosystems respond to combinations of global climate changes and local non-climatic stressors. Stressors originating at local scales such as elevated nutrient concentrations and sediment loads are known to contribute to the regression of large habitat-forming macroalgae in temperate rocky reefs. How the persistence of algal beds will be affected by combinations of altered nutrient and sediment regimes and increased temperatures under future global change scenarios is still unclear. We used a series of laboratory experiments to test short- (48h) and long-term (eight weeks) effects of different combinations of nutrient, sediment and temperature on the early life stages of the habitat-forming fucoids Hormosira banksii, Cystophora torulosa, and Durvillaea antarctica. A light coating of sediment affected the post-settlement survival of H. banksii and C. torulosa germlings within 48h and reduced growth and survival of all species over eight weeks. Temperatures 3°C higher than ambient levels during the reproductive season of each species caused increased mortality of the germlings of the three fucoids after eight weeks, but these effects were only evident in the absence of sediment. The cold-adapted D. antarctica was particularly susceptible to temperature increase, with reduced germling survival in warmer waters after 48h. In the absence of sediment, nutrient enrichment stimulated the growth of H. banksii and C. torulosa, but caused a decline in the survival and growth of D. antarctica. This was probably due to the poor adaptation of D. antarctica to laboratory conditions. This study contributes to a better understanding of the impacts of altered physical conditions on important habitat-forming species. Our results highlight mechanisms that may well apply in natural contexts, and they reinforce the need for appropriate management of local stressors in order to mitigate the impacts of altered climate conditions.