Abstract
Manure and fertilizer applications can increase soil productivity and land economic values, but the controversial result can be a decline of water quality due to the increased nutrient exports from soils to the streams. The impacts of landuse, manure and fertilizer application on nutrient exports from soils to the streams were analyzed using the SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) model for the Salmon River watershed in south-central British Columbia, Canada. The results showed that the animal farms had the highest rates of nutrient exports from soils to the streams and the natural forested lands had the lowest. It was estimated that the whole Salmon River watershed would export approximately 11.52 t·yr-1 of organic nitrogen (ON), 8.05 t·yr-1 of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), 2.30 t·yr-1 of organic phosphorus (OP) and 1.36 t·yr-1 of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) if the whole watershed was covered by natural vegetation without human disturbance. Current landuse changes, by converting natural vegetation lands to agriculture and animal farms and associated manure and fertilizer applications, have in-creased approximately 53.30 t·yr-1 of ON, 9.68 t·yr-1 of NO3-N, 22.69 t·y-1 of OP and 6.23 t·y-1 of SRP exports to the streams in the whole watershed. The SWAT model predicted that a daily 100 kg·ha-1 of fresh manure deposit from grazing cows during grazing season from later spring to later fall could increase 2.57 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of ON, 0.39 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of NO3-N, 2.35 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of OP and 0.48 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of SRP export to the streams. Fertilization could increase 1.57 kg ha-1 yr-1 of ON and 4.02 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of NO3-N export to the streams if 100 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of nitrogen (NH4NO3) fertilizer was applied in spring. Also fertilization could increase 1.18 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of OP and 0.20 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of SRP export to the streams if 100 kg·ha-1 phosphorus (P2O5) fertilizer was applied in spring.
Highlights
The United States and many other countries have rapidly changed their landuse through the conversions of natural forested lands to agriculture and urban lands [1,2,3,4,5,6]
It was estimated that the whole Salmon River watershed would export approximately 11.52 t·yr−1 of organic nitrogen (ON), 8.05 t·yr−1 of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), 2.30 t·yr−1 of organic phosphorus (OP) and 1.36 t·yr−1 of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) if the whole watershed was covered by natural vegetation without human disturbance
Using the COE values to evaluate the SWAT model performance based on the calibration and validation on monthly time step, the results showed that the COE values ranged from 0.62 to 0.87 for the calibration and from 0.61 to 0.88 for the validation (Table 3)
Summary
The United States and many other countries have rapidly changed their landuse through the conversions of natural forested lands to agriculture and urban lands [1,2,3,4,5,6] This has occurred in British Columbia (BC), Canada. To investigate the impacts of agriculture on water quality, the environment and community health, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) initiated a program called the Canada’s National Environmental Farm Planning (EFP). The EFP goals include: 1) helping the agricultural industry to identify its impacts on the environment; 2) assuring agricultural resources are managed in a sustainable fashion and 3) helping to brand Canada in the global market as a source of safe, high-quality food produced in an environmentally responsible manner. The project focuses on the research of Beneficial Management Practices (BMPs), which is defined as watershed management practices that minimize point and non-point
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