Abstract
Although diet is an important factor influencing gut microbiota, there are very few studies regarding that relationship in Japanese people. Here, we analyzed the relationship between habitual dietary intake surveyed by food frequency questionnaire and the quantitative features of gut bacteria by quantitative PCR and next generation sequencer in 354 healthy Japanese adults. The α-diversity of gut microbiota was positively correlated with the intake of mushrooms and beans and negatively correlated with the intake of grains. The β-diversity was significantly associated with the intake of fruits, mushrooms, seaweeds, seafoods, and alcoholic beverages. Multiple linear regression analysis of the relationship between food groups associated with the diversity of gut microbiota and the number of gut bacteria at the genus level found 24 significant associations, including a positive association between alcoholic beverages and the number of Fusobacterium. These results support that habitual dietary intake influenced the diversity of gut microbiota and was strongly associated with the number of specific gut bacteria. These results will help us to understand the complex relationship between habitual diet and gut microbiota of the Japanese.
Highlights
The human gut microbiota is diverse, with more than 100 × 1012 microorganisms in our body [1].It is involved in a variety of physiological functions beneficial to the host, such as maintenance of intestinal epithelial cell homeostasis [2,3,4], protection against infection [5], and regulation of gut immune system [3,6].The gut microbiota is diverse among individuals and is influenced by age, sex, body mass index (BMI), lifestyle, antibiotic use, and diseases [7]
The association between the number of gut bacteria and habitual dietary intake was analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis (“lm” function, “stats” package)
Association between β-diversity of Gut Microbiota and Dietary Food Intake In PERMANOVA, the Bray–Curtis and Jaccard indexes were significantly associated with the In PERMANOVA, the Bray–Curtis and Jaccard indexes were significantly associated with the intake of fruits, mushrooms, seaweeds, seafoods, and alcoholic beverages (Figure 3)
Summary
The human gut microbiota is diverse, with more than 100 × 1012 microorganisms in our body [1]. Few studies have analyzed the relationship between usual dietary intake and gut microbiota in healthy adults. A recent large-scale observational study of 862 French adults showed a positive association between usual intake frequency of fruits and fish and the α-diversity of gut microbiota, and a negative association between that of cheese and the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila [13]. As major dietary components differ according to regions where people live, and as the gut microbiota is influenced by individual genetic background, the relationship between diet and gut microbiota needs to be investigated by region. We analyzed the relationship between habitual dietary intake surveyed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and gut microbiota analyzed quantitatively in 354 healthy adults, with the aim of revealing the association between habitual diet and gut microbiota
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