Impacts of Epigenetic Processes on the Health and Productivity of Livestock.

Eveline M. Ibeagha-Awemu,Mengqi Wang

doi:10.3389/fgene.2020.613636

Eveline M. Ibeagha-Awemu, Mengqi Wang

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.613636

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Abstract

The dynamic changes in the epigenome resulting from the intricate interactions of genetic and environmental factors play crucial roles in individual growth and development. Numerous studies in plants, rodents, and humans have provided evidence of the regulatory roles of epigenetic processes in health and disease. There is increasing pressure to increase livestock production in light of increasing food needs of an expanding human population and environment challenges, but there is limited related epigenetic data on livestock to complement genomic information and support advances in improvement breeding and health management. This review examines the recent discoveries on epigenetic processes due to DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling and their impacts on health and production traits in farm animals, including bovine, swine, sheep, goat, and poultry species. Most of the reports focused on epigenome profiling at the genome-wide or specific genic regions in response to developmental processes, environmental stressors, nutrition, and disease pathogens. The bulk of available data mainly characterized the epigenetic markers in tissues/organs or in relation to traits and detection of epigenetic regulatory mechanisms underlying livestock phenotype diversity. However, available data is inadequate to support gainful exploitation of epigenetic processes for improved animal health and productivity management. Increased research effort, which is vital to elucidate how epigenetic mechanisms affect the health and productivity of livestock, is currently limited due to several factors including lack of adequate analytical tools. In this review, we (1) summarize available evidence of the impacts of epigenetic processes on livestock production and health traits, (2) discuss the application of epigenetics data in livestock production, and (3) present gaps in livestock epigenetics research. Knowledge of the epigenetic factors influencing livestock health and productivity is vital for the management and improvement of livestock productivity.

Highlights

Increasing animal food demand by an ever-expanding human population as well as the challenges of global climate change is a clarion call for the sustainable development of the food animal industry, with the expectation of increased supply of highquality animal proteins with minimal environmental impacts
The supplementation of methyl donors to Holstein dams during pregnancy significantly altered the methylome of their offspring, and the differentially methylated cytosines (DMC) affected the expression of genes involved in various biological processes, such as immune function, regulation of cell growth, and kinase activity (Bach et al, 2017)
The genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of longissimus dorsi muscles from different breeds of sheep provided insight on the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms modulating the expression of genes involved in the regulation of muscle development, such as delta like non-canonical Notch ligand 1 (DLK1), NR4A1, TGFB3, acyl-CoA synthetase long chain family member 1 (ACSL1), RYR1, acyl-CoA oxidase 2 (ACOX2), PPARG2, netrin 1 (NTN1), and microtubule associated protein RP/EB family member 1 (MAPRE1) (Couldrey et al, 2014; Cao et al, 2017; Fan et al, 2020)

Summary

Introduction

Increasing animal food demand by an ever-expanding human population as well as the challenges of global climate change is a clarion call for the sustainable development of the food animal industry, with the expectation of increased supply of highquality animal proteins with minimal environmental impacts. In addition to these classic epigenetic processes (DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling), ncRNAs play important regulatory roles in gene expression and chromatin modification impacting livestock production and health (Do et al, 2017a; Benmoussa et al, 2020).

Results

Conclusion