Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a primary cause of deaths worldwide. Thrombotic diseases, specifically stroke and coronary heart diseases, account for around 85% of CVDs-induced deaths. Platelets (small circulating blood cells) are responsible for the prevention of excessive bleeding upon vascular injury, through blood clotting (haemostasis). However, unnecessary activation of platelets under pathological conditions, such as upon the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques, results in thrombus formation (thrombosis), which can cause life threatening conditions such as stroke or heart attack. Therefore, antiplatelet medications are usually prescribed for people who are at a high risk of thrombotic diseases. The currently used antiplatelet drugs are associated with major side effects such as excessive bleeding, and some patients are resistant to these drugs. Therefore, numerous studies have been conducted to develop new antiplatelet agents and notably, to establish the relationship between edible plants, specifically fruits, vegetables and spices, and cardiovascular health. Indeed, healthy and balanced diets have proven to be effective for the prevention of CVDs in diverse settings. A high intake of fruits and vegetables in regular diet is associated with lower risks for stroke and coronary heart diseases because of their plethora of phytochemical constituents. In this review, we discuss the impacts of commonly used selected edible plants (specifically vegetables, fruits and spices) and/or their isolated compounds on the modulation of platelet function, haemostasis and thrombosis.
Highlights
According to the World Health Organisation, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of deaths worldwide [1]
In 2017, more than 85% of total CVDs-associated deaths were caused by thrombotic diseases, and they are largely triggered by the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques [1,2]
A single dose of 200 mg/kg of the extract was tested in a thrombosis model in mice and it postponed the artery occlusion time to 60 min compared to 30 min in the control group and it significantly reduced the maximum occlusion from 100% to almost 56% [98]
Summary
According to the World Health Organisation, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of deaths worldwide [1]. An ethanolic extract of A. cepa bulb showed significant antiplatelet effects when 5 μg/mL collagen was used as an agonist in rat isolated platelets through reducing intracellular Ca2+ levels, cyclooxygenase 1 enzyme (COX-1) and TXA2 synthase activities. It increased cAMP levels in a concentration dependent manner [47]. N-feruloyltyramine (Figure 4a) is an amide alkaloid isolated from methanolic extracts of A. sativum and it is known to exhibit antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial and cytotoxic effects [56] This compound was tested in mouse whole blood along with its synthetic analogues, N-caffeoylnorephedrine (Figure 4b) and N-caffeoyltyramine (Figure 4c) to evaluate their effects on platelet function, on COX-I enzyme and. CChheemmiiccaall ssttrruuccttuurreess ooff ((aa))11,2,2-d-di-iO-O-α-α-l-ilninoolelennooyyll--33--OO--ββ--DD--ggaallaaccttooppyyrraannoossyyll--ssnn--ggllyycceerrooll aanndd ((bb)) ββ--ssiittoosstteerrooll--33--OO--ββ--DD-g-gluluccoossidideeisisoolalateteddffrroommcchhlloorrooffoorrmmffrraaccttiioonnssooffmmeetthhoonnoolliicceexxttrraacctt ooff AA.. uurrssiinnuumm
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