Abstract
Studies have shown the impact of climate change on the ocean ecosystem and the fishing and aquaculture sectors. As global warming intensifies, this will impact communities and communities as the populations of some fish species decline or increase. Research on the impacts of climate change to fisheries will facilitate the development of policies, helping communities to adapt while ensuring resilience and sustainability of the sector(s). This paper assesses the short term and long-term impacts of climate change to the ocean ecosystem, the consequences to economies and communities that rely on fishing for food security. It begins with a review of peer reviewed literature, followed by an analysis of the current policies and ends with some recommendations for governments in the sustainability and management of the ecosystem in the future. Important to note is the impact of human generated hazards and how a more holistic approach to minimizing risks to the ocean ecosystem could resolve threats of food insecurity in future.
Highlights
Studies have shown the impact of climate change on the ocean ecosystem and the fishing and aquaculture sectors
As the impacts of climate change are being seen in the fishing and aquaculture industry, this is expected to come at high economic costs for many countries and economies
There is a need for further research on best practices and strategies for reducing fishing pressure, strengthening economies and improving food security for communities that will be impacted by global warming and other effects of climate change
Summary
Fisheries and aquaculture play a significant role in food security, providing a source of livelihood for communities, while bringing some economic, social and nutritional benefits (Kent, 1997; Charlebois, Stern, & Buhr, 2014; FAO, 2018, p. 41). While the long-term impacts of climate change to aquatic systems are not easy to measure, there certainly will be some implications for fisheries and the aquatic sector throughout the value chain. This will alter species productivity and fish growth leading to consequences for fishing and farming yields as shifts in the distribution of fish occur There has been a worldwide increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions which is partially generated by the fishing industry leading to induced ocean warming, altering food webs in the marine environment, large scale redistribution of marine species and higher levels of psychological stress in marine biota Climate change is expected to have either significant positive or negative impacts depending on the productivity of each geographical location (FAO, 2018, p. 97)
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