Impacts of Cartoon Animals on Human–Alloanimal Relations

Abstract

ABSTRACT A majority of animated films incorporate alloanimal characters to some extent, either as primary or secondary protagonists. These characters generate interest in the alloanimals they represent, which have been shown to have a variety of effects such as increased visits to zoos, conservation donations, pet buying, and even animal trafficking. This research seeks to establish a general framework for understanding the potential effects these characters can have on human–alloanimal relations. By employing qualitative analyses, we first explore the affective design factors behind these characters. From there, we examine the sign function of these characters using Paul Wells’ schemata of bestial ambivalence and Dagmar Shmauks’ typology of artificial animals. The associated sign-process of these characters and the consideration for alloanimal Umwelten result in what we introduce as the “Expected Animal.” We then go on to explain how “Expected Animals” create imagined human–alloanimal relations which can impact real-world interactions between humans and other animals. This research offers insights into understanding the ecosemiotic impacts of cartoon animals, which can be used by animation studios to better mediate positive human–animal interactions with the release of their films.