Abstract
Heterostructured 316L stainless steel with lamellar coarse grains and recrystallized grains both sandwiched by the mixture of ultrafine/nano-grains and nano-twin bundles exhibits good impact behavior. This is mainly ascribed to nano-twin bundles, lamellar recrystallized grains and strain-induced martensitic transformation that suppress crack propagation and consume much higher fracture energy.
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