Impact ofBacillus thuringiensis on pest control with emphasis on genetic manipulation

Abstract

This paper will bringBacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) into scientific and industrial perspective, then look at the future, particularly at genetics. Since its discovery in 1911,B.t. has had fluctuating impacts on science and on the pest control industry. In the late 1950s, impact on industry was expected because of the great advantages possessed byB.t.. These include its safety for man and wild life, specificity to important groups of insect pests and rapid action due to the unique crystals of toxic protein formed at sporulation. Toxins in these crystals were new to science. However, many constraints—largely unrealised—resulted in its usage increasing unevently, although exponentially, to its present level of several thousand tons per year. Among the most important constraints are its failure to spread in insect infestations and the action of the crystal toxins only as larvicidal stomach poisons, so that application has to be even and frequent. The moderate and variable potency of early products made their use expensive. By 1972, wide ranging research into constraints increased efficacy ofB.t. byca. 100-fold against the commonest assay species,Trichoplusia ni. Industry adopted one very good strain, HD-1. Later, an organised International Selection Programme revealed strains up to 60-fold more potent than HD-1 against certain pests. Studies on the chemistry and modes of action of the crystal toxins explained many differences, indicating how genetic manipulation might lead to dramatic progress. Up to 1980, manipulation ofB.t. was laborious. In two years, single genes encoding toxins were found on plasmids and a conjugation-like process was discovered that effected plasmid exchange at high frequencies, so recombinants could be screened directly by insect bioassay. Strains were tailored with greater potency and/or a better host range than HD1: some were patented. Progress inB.t. has been almost comparable to that in the production of antibiotics. Genetic engineering withB.t. began with the cloning and expression of toxin gene in other bacteria. From these, it can be inserted directly into bacteria inhabiting plant rhizospheres, with the aim of killing root feeding caterpillars. Using further vectors, a gene has been transferred to and expressed in the tobacco plant, making the plant toxic to caterpillars. In future, sequencing ofB.t. DNA should permit more precise insertions into more microorganisms and plants. The very powerful promoter sequence of the toxin gene might be used to improve yields of products of other bacteria beyond the realm of insect control. Recent phases ofB.t. research have had strong impact on science, and industry should increasingly reap benefits from it. However, there are many problems in the developent of industrial products and some ideas may fail at various stages.