Abstract
Snowfall is an important climatic variable with remarkable impacts on vegetation greenness in the alpine and extra-tropical regions. Central Asia (CA) is located in the middle latitude with high mountains, and the ecosystem is vulnerable to climate change in CA. In this region, the vegetation response to winter snowfall and its interactions with growing season climatic factors on vegetation greenness is still unclear. Thus, this study attempted to examine the impact of winter snowfall on vegetation greenness with remote-sensing vegetation index and reanalysis climatic data, and to investigate the interactions between winter snowfall and growing season climatic factors and their influence on vegetation growth via path analysis. The results showed that there is a generally positive correlation between winter snowfall and vegetation greenness from May to September and during the whole growing season (April to September). This positive correlation was significant in 8% of the study area for the whole growing season. However, the increase in winter snowfall was not beneficial to the regional vegetation growth in April. The vegetation response to winter snowfall also relates to land-cover type and elevation. The vegetation greenness in grassland was depicted to be more sensitive to winter snowfall than that in forestland. The response turned from positive to negative when the elevation increased from below 3000 m to above 3000 m. Moreover, the impact of winter snowfall on vegetation greenness was not regulated by temperature and precipitation in the growing season in more than 70% of CA. The impact relates to the interaction with April temperature in Central Kazakhstan, and is regulated by growing season precipitation in North Kazakhstan where annual precipitation mainly occurs in the growing season. The impact of winter snowfall on vegetation greenness is more important than growing season precipitation and temperature in some areas, since annual precipitation does not concentrate in the growing season or the relative increase of winter snowfall is great in these places. The results of the present study improve the understanding of vegetation response to climate change, and provide a scientific reference for environmental protection in CA and similar regions.
Highlights
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.As a solid phase of precipitation, snowfall is a critical climate factor in middle and high latitudes, as well as in the mountainous area [1,2]
NDVI in Xinjiang is high in the Altai Mountains, North Slope of Tianshan Mountains, Ili Valley, and oases around the Taklimakan desert, while it is low in Junggar Basin, Tarim Basin, and Kunlun
Considering the winter snowfall as critical climatic and hydrological variables in Central Asia (CA), the identification of the characteristics and mechanisms of vegetation response to winter snowfall in CA is critical for understanding the terrestrial ecosystem response to climate change
Summary
As a solid phase of precipitation, snowfall is a critical climate factor in middle and high latitudes, as well as in the mountainous area [1,2]. The snowfall varies with complex spatial and seasonal nature under climate change [3,4]. There are variations of snow depth, snow cover area, and snow duration [5,6]. These variations, in turn, induce changes in the status of soil moisture and nutrients, which have impacted the physiological characteristics, community structure, and population dynamics.
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