Abstract
Although peroxisomes play an essential role in viral pathogenesis, and viruses are known to change peroxisome morphology, the role of genotype in the peroxisomal response to viruses remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the impact of wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) on the peroxisome proliferation in the context of pathogen response, redox homeostasis, and yield in two wheat cultivars, Patras and Pamir, in the field trials. We observed greater virus content and yield losses in Pamir than in Patras. Leaf chlorophyll and protein content measured at the beginning of flowering were also more sensitive to WSMV infection in Pamir. Patras responded to the WSMV infection by transcriptional up-regulation of the peroxisome fission genes PEROXIN 11C (PEX11C), DYNAMIN RELATED PROTEIN 5B (DRP5B), and FISSION1A (FIS1A), greater peroxisome abundance, and activation of pathogenesis-related proteins chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase. Oppositely, in Pamir, WMSV infection suppressed transcription of peroxisome biogenesis genes and activity of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, and did not affect peroxisome abundance. Activity of ROS scavenging enzymes was higher in Patras than in Pamir. Thus, the impact of WMSV on peroxisome proliferation is genotype-specific and peroxisome abundance can be used as a proxy for the magnitude of plant immune response.
Highlights
Viruses cause major yield losses worldwide and represent a serious threat to food security
Our results demonstrate that more robust reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and greater peroxisome proliferation in plants infected with wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) are accompanied by lower yield losses
Wheat plants were tested by ELISA for the presence of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), wheat dwarf virus (WDV), or brome mosaic virus (BrMV)
Summary
Viruses cause major yield losses worldwide and represent a serious threat to food security. Advances in the understanding plant–virus interactions lead to greater viral tolerance in crops, the evolution of viral virulence represents a constant challenge in agriculture. This, in turn, requires advances in understanding pathogen response on molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. One of the common features of interaction between plant cell and viruses is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1,2]. Rapid production of ROS during host–pathogen interactions is known as oxidative burst. The most important ROS are singlet oxygen (1O2), the hydroxyperoxyl radical (HO2·), the superoxide anion O−2, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the hydroxyl radical (OH−). Some superoxide is produced in the apoplast by plasma membrane NADPH-oxidases. Other potential sources of apoplastic H2O2 include peroxidases and polyamine oxidases. Apoplastic H2O2 can permeate through the plasma membranes inside the cytosol
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