Impact of wavy porous layer on mixed convection flow of a hybrid nanofluid in an enclosure under the effect of partial magnetic field

Abstract

In this article, the effects of partial magnetic field and wavy porous layer on the characteristics of fluid flow and heat transfer are explored. The system of governing partial differential equations in dimensionless form is computed using the Galerkin based finite element method together for various range of parameters. The obtained discrete system of nonlinear algebraic equations is handled with Newton’s method and related linearized subproblems are solved by geometric multigrid techniques. The impact of involved parameters such as Richardson (Ri) number, Hartmann (Ha) number, porous layer parameters as amplitude (A) of waviness or the number of undulations () or the thickness (Hp ) of the porous layer, inclination angle of partial magnetic field (γ), and Darcy (Da) number on the dynamics of fluid and heat are investigated in detail. Moreover, the computational analysis has been demonstrated using streamlines, isotherms, and plots as well as average Nusselt number () along the hot vertical left wall and average kinetic energy in the entire domain. It is observed that is an increasing function of and Da while it is a decreasing function of also increases at Ha = 100 as 57.3%, which is the highest increase comparing to smaller Ha values, when Ri changes from 0.1 to 10, and significantly decreases at an angle at also rises for as Ri rises.