Impact of vertebrate communities on Ixodes ricinus-borne disease risk in forest areas

Katsuhisa Takumi,Tim R Hofmeester,Hein Sprong

doi:10.1186/s13071-019-3700-8

Abstract

BackgroundThe density of questing ticks infected with tick-borne pathogens is an important parameter that determines tick-borne disease risk. An important factor determining this density is the availability of different wildlife species as hosts for ticks and their pathogens. Here, we investigated how wildlife communities contribute to tick-borne disease risk. The density of Ixodes ricinus nymphs infected with Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), Borrelia miyamotoi, Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum among 19 forest sites were correlated to the encounter probability of different vertebrate hosts, determined by encounter rates as measured by (camera) trapping and mathematical modeling.ResultWe found that the density of any tick life stage was proportional to the encounter probability of ungulates. Moreover, the density of nymphs decreased with the encounter probability of hare, rabbit and red fox. The density of nymphs infected with the transovarially-transmitted B. miyamotoi increased with the density of questing nymphs and the encounter probability of bank vole. The density of nymphs infected with all other pathogens increased with the encounter probability of competent hosts: bank vole for Borrelia afzelii and N. mikurensis, ungulates for A. phagocytophilum and blackbird for Borrelia garinii and Borrelia valaisiana. The negative relationship we found was a decrease in the density of nymphs infected with B. garinii and B. valaisiana with the encounter probability of wood mouse.ConclusionsOnly a few animal species drive the densities of infected nymphs in forested areas. There, foxes and leporids have negative effects on tick abundance, and consequently on the density of infected nymphs. The abundance of competent hosts generally drives the abundances of their tick-borne pathogen. A dilution effect was only observed for bird-associated Lyme spirochetes.

Highlights

The density of questing ticks infected with tick-borne pathogens is an important parameter that determines tick-borne disease risk
Diseases caused by other tick-borne pathogens (TBP) such as Borrelia miyamotoi, Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are emerging or beingdiscovered [2, 3]
TBPs were found in most forest sites but with clear differences between sites in DIN for the different TBPs (Fig. 1)

Summary

Introduction

The density of questing ticks infected with tick-borne pathogens is an important parameter that determines tick-borne disease risk. An important factor determining this density is the availability of different wildlife species as hosts for ticks and their pathogens. The density of Ixodes ricinus nymphs infected with Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), Borrelia miyamotoi, Neoehrlichia mikurensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum among 19 forest sites were correlated to the encounter probability of different vertebrate hosts, determined by encounter rates as measured by (camera) trapping and mathematical modeling. The density of questing nymphs infected with TBPs is often referred to as an important ecological parameter that, together with the level of human exposure, determines tick-borne disease risk [12, 13]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion