Impact of Varying Light and Dew on Ground Cover Estimates from Active NDVI, RGB, and LiDAR.

Greg J Rebetzke,David J Smith,Jose A Jimenez-Berni,Robert Davy,Richard A James,David M Deery

doi:10.34133/2021/9842178

Abstract

Canopy ground cover (GC) is an important agronomic measure for evaluating crop establishment and early growth. This study evaluates the reliability of GC estimates, in the presence of varying light and dew on leaves, from three different ground-based sensors: (1) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the commercially available GreenSeeker®; (2) RGB images from a digital camera, where GC was determined as the portion of pixels from each image meeting a greenness criterion (i.e., (Green − Red)/(Green + Red) > 0); and (3) LiDAR using two separate approaches: (a) GC from LiDAR red reflectance (whereby red reflectance less than five was classified as vegetation) and (b) GC from LiDAR height (whereby height greater than 10 cm was classified as vegetation). Hourly measurements were made early in the season at two different growth stages (tillering and stem elongation), among wheat genotypes highly diverse for canopy characteristics. The active NDVI showed the least variation through time and was particularly stable, regardless of the available light or the presence of dew. In addition, between-sample-time Pearson correlations for NDVI were consistently high and significant (P < 0.0001), ranging from 0.89 to 0.98. In comparison, GC from LiDAR and RGB showed greater variation across sampling times, and LiDAR red reflectance was strongly influenced by the presence of dew. Excluding times when the light was exceedingly low, correlations between GC from RGB and NDVI were consistently high (ranging from 0.79 to 0.92). The high reliability of the active NDVI sensor potentially affords a high degree of flexibility for users by enabling sampling across a broad range of acceptable light conditions.

Highlights

Canopy ground cover (GC) represents the proportion of the soil surface covered by plant foliage and is an important measure for characterising crop establishment and early crop growth
Dew was evident on the leaves at 7:00 and 8:00, until about 9:00, on the morning of 2-Aug-2017; note that the dewpoint temperature (Tdew) at these times was similar to the air temperature (Tair) Table 1
A diurnal time-course of GC measurements was derived from GreenSeeker® normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), RGB camera (GCRGB), Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) red reflectance (GCRLiRDAR), and LiDAR height (GCHLiTDAR)

Summary

Introduction

Canopy ground cover (GC) represents the proportion of the soil surface covered by plant foliage and is an important measure for characterising crop establishment and early crop growth. The latter is often termed early vigour. The leaf area-to-leaf width ratio, known as the specific leaf area (SLA), of seedling leaves has been used as a predictor of early vigour [1]. Such destructive methods are generally considered too labourintensive and time-consuming for screening many genotypes in large experiments or within plant breeding programs

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