Impact of varying levels of soil salinity on emergence, growth and biochemical attributes of four Moringa oleifera landraces.

Fatima Farooq,Jan Dvoracek,Muhammad Nawaz,Shahzad M A Basra,Nabila Rashid,Danish Ibrar,Zuhair Hasnain,Mohamed S Elshikh,Helena Dvorackova,Sohail Irshad,Shahbaz Khan,Mona S Alwahibi,Rehmat Ullah,Adnan Noor Shah

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263978

Abstract

Salinity in soil and water is one of the environmental factors that severely hinder the crop growth and production particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of salinity levels (1.5 dS m-1, 3.5 dS m-1, 7.5 dS m-1 and 11.5 dS m-1) on emergence, growth and biochemical traits of moringa landraces under completely randomized design having three replications. Four landraces of Moringa oleifera (Faisalabad black seeded moringa [MFB], Patoki black seeded moringa [MPB], Faisalabad white seeded moringa [MFW] and Rahim Yar Khan black seeded moringa [MRB]) were selected for experimentation. All the salinity levels significantly affected the emergence parameters (time to emergence start, time to 50% emergence, mean emergence time, emergence index and final emergence percentage) of moringa landraces. However, 1.5 dS m-1 and 3.5 dS m-1 were found more favorable. Higher salinity levels (7.5 dS m-1 and 11.5 dS m-1) significantly minimized the root surface area, root projected area, root volume and root density as compared to 1.5 dS m-1, 3.5 dS m-1. Number of branches, leaves, leaflets and leaf length were also adversely affected by 7.5 dS m-1 and 11.5 dS m-1. Maximum seedling fresh and dry weights, and seedling length were recorded at 1.5 dS m-1 followed by 3.5 dS m-1. Chlorophyll a and b contents, carotenoids and membrane stability index were also observed highest at salinity level of 1.5 dS m-1. In case of moringa landraces, MRB performed better regarding emergence attributes, growth parameters, and biochemical analysis followed by MFW as compared to MFB and MPB. Moringa landraces i.e. MRB and MFW were found more tolerant to salinity stress as compared to MFB and MPB.

Highlights

Urbanization is a major threat for agriculture sustainability because agricultural land is being ruthlessly used for commercial purposes [1]
It has been observed that salinity levels significantly affected the emergence parameters
The results of the present study show that the growth of moringa landraces was decreased significantly with increasing salinity levels in all landraces, resulting limited plant growth

Summary

Introduction

Urbanization is a major threat for agriculture sustainability because agricultural land is being ruthlessly used for commercial purposes [1]. Various abiotic stresses like soil salinity, drought, extreme temperature and high wind are adversely influencing the production and cultivation of field crops. Salinity is one of the most destructive environmental stress, which causes the reduction of crop yield and its quality [1]. Salt stress affects the water uptake, decreases photosynthetic rate and synthesis of photosynthetic pigments resulting in reduction of plant growth [4]. It reduces the stomatal conductance, thereby limiting CO2 supply to leaves as well inhibits PSII activities [5]. Salinity leads to cause osmotic stress and ionic toxicity which adversely affects growth and economic yield of plants [6]. As salt concentration increases in soil, uptake of Zn is decreased and Cd toxicity increases in plants which have deleterious effects on plant growth and development [9]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion