Abstract
Governments worldwide are implementing mass vaccination programs in an effort to end the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Although the approved vaccines exhibited high efficacies in randomized controlled trials, their population effectiveness in the real world remains less clear, thus casting uncertainty over the prospects for herd immunity. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of the COVID-19 vaccination program and predicted the path to herd immunity in the U.S. Using data from 12 October 2020 to 7 March 2021, we estimated that vaccination reduced the total number of new cases by 4.4 million (from 33.0 to 28.6 million), prevented approximately 0.12 million hospitalizations (from 0.89 to 0.78 million), and decreased the population infection rate by 1.34 percentage points (from 10.10% to 8.76%). We then built a Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model with vaccination to predict herd immunity. Our model predicts that if the average vaccination pace between January and early March 2021 (2.08 doses per 100 people per week) is maintained, the U.S. can achieve herd immunity by the last week of July 2021, with a cumulative vaccination coverage of 60.2%. Herd immunity could be achieved earlier with a faster vaccination pace, lower vaccine hesitancy, or higher vaccine effectiveness. These findings improve our understanding of the impact of COVID-19 vaccines and can inform future public health policies regarding vaccination, especially in countries with ongoing vaccination programs.
Highlights
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had a devastating impact on health and wellbeing, with more than 131 million cases and 2.8 million deaths across more than 200 countries[1] as of early April 2021
In two large randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the Pfizer vaccine exhibited an efficacy of 95% (95% confidence interval [CI], 90.3% 97.6%)[8] in preventing COVID-19, and the Moderna vaccine showed an efficacy of 94.1%9
By comparing the outcomes across states before and after the initiation of vaccination programs, we evaluated the impact of vaccination on the COVID-19 pandemic
Summary
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had a devastating impact on health and wellbeing, with more than 131 million cases and 2.8 million deaths across more than 200 countries[1] as of early April 2021. In two large randomized controlled trials (RCTs), the Pfizer vaccine exhibited an efficacy of 95% (95% confidence interval [CI], 90.3% 97.6%)[8] in preventing COVID-19, and the Moderna vaccine showed an efficacy of 94.1% (95% CI, 89.3%-96.8%)[9]. Both are mRNA vaccines that require two doses to complete vaccination and received emergency use authorization by the U.S Food and Drug Administration in December 202010. By early March 2021, more than 121 million doses had been administered across the U.S, with over 43 million individuals (~13% of the population) fully vaccinated with two doses[11]
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