Impact of using adulterated automotive diesel on the exhaust emissions of a stationary diesel engine

Abstract

The EU Directives and legislation by worldwide environmental authorities impose constantly
 lower levels for the airborne pollutant emissions of internal combustion engines towards the
 goal of zero emission vehicles. During the last decade, engine manufacturers, refiners and
 fuel companies invest highly in order to comply with the increasingly severe emission
 requirements.
 The diesel engine is widely used for transportation, manufacture, power generation,
 construction and farming operations. There are different kinds of diesel engine depending on
 their application: small, high speed, indirect-injection engines or low speed, direct -injection
 behemoths with cylinders more than one meter in diameter. Their main advantages are the
 efficiency, economy and reliability. The physicochemical properties of the diesel fuels and the
 engine design affect the operability, the efficiency and the performance of the diesel engine
 and they correlate to the exhaust emissions.
 In Greece, the diesel fuel market steadily increases during the last years. The fuels produced
 by the refineries usually comply with the existing specifications. However, alterations in the
 fuel properties may occur through the supply chain to the service stations due to failures of
 the distribution system (i.e. contamination with water, tank sludge and residues) or
 adulteration with lower value and taxation fuels (heating oil, marine diesel or industrial
 solvents).
 The transportation sector is a major source of air pollution. It contributes to harmful exhaust
 emissions, such as greenhouse gas emissions, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides (SOx),
 nitrogen oxides (ΝΟx), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and particulate matter (PM) emissions.
 In this paper, PM and exhaust emissions from a stationary single cylinder diesel engine were
 examined. For comparison purposes, tests were carried out with a typical automotive diesel
 fuel of the Greek market and with adulterated fuels with heating oil or white spirit. The noncomplying
 diesel fuels gave increased emissions in all cases with only exception the PM
 emissions due to adulteration with white spirit. More specifically, the experimental results for
 the adulterated fuels with heating diesel showed an increase of the nitrogen oxide emissions
 up to 73.9%, of the unburned hydrocarbons up to 29.6% and of PM up to 121% compared to
 the baseline diesel fuel emissions.