Abstract
This paper presents the results of measuring the final energy consumption for heating and domestic hot water (DHW) preparation and indoor conditions in 15 apartments located in pre-war tenement houses. The measurements were compared to the computed energy consumption. The calculations ware made based on the model calibrated by field measurements. The discrepancies between measurements and calculations were assessed using the energy performance gap (EPG). Calculations were made separately for energy for heating and for DHW preparation. Additionally, the results of EPG calculations for different levels of analysis are presented aiming at assessing the impact of weather, temperature in the surrounding zones and users’ behavior. Users’ behaviors influencing the size of the EPG were divided into typical (energy saving or excessive energy consumption) and forced (energy poverty, response to the apartment’s surroundings, technical limitations. The connection between the heating sources and the heating habits has been clearly observed in the research. The former (typical) behaviors were the origin of the energy gap in the apartments heated with natural gas and district heating. The latter (forced) were the origin of the gap in the apartments heated with mostly electricity and solid fuel (with one exception: one apartment that utilized the district heating).
Highlights
The implementation of zero-emission plans in Europe poses serious challenges for EU countries.One is that new buildings must be designed to be near zero energy [1]
Apartments A10, A12, A14, A15 are in a good technical condition and have lower than other average heat transfer coefficient (Table 1), so their unit energy demand should be the lowest
The lowest values are observed in A5–A9, and the most significant differences between energy consumption compared to expectations are in A1–A10
Summary
The implementation of zero-emission plans in Europe poses serious challenges for EU countries. One is that new buildings must be designed to be near zero energy [1]. It seems that modernizing existing facilities is even more difficult. In this case, pre-war tenement buildings with the highest energy demand appear to be the greatest challenge. Pre-war tenement buildings with the highest energy demand appear to be the greatest challenge In these buildings, it is necessary to change the heating systems to low-emission ones, and first to reduce their energy consumption. Each EU country faces different challenges in this area
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