Impact of tubewell access and tubewell depth on childhood diarrhea in Matlab, Bangladesh.

Jianyong Wu,Peter Kim Streatfield,Michael Emch,Yasuyuki Akita,Alexander Van Geen,Veronica Escamilla,Marc Serre,Mohammad Yunus

doi:10.1186/1476-069x-10-109

Abstract

BackgroundDuring the past three decades in Bangladesh, millions of tubewells have been installed to reduce the prevalence of diarrheal disease. This study evaluates the impacts of tubewell access and tubewell depth on childhood diarrhea in rural Bangladesh.MethodsA total of 59,796 cases of diarrhea in children under 5 were recorded in 142 villages of Matlab, Bangladesh during monthly community health surveys between 2000 and 2006. The location and depth of 12,018 tubewells were surveyed in 2002-04 and integrated with diarrhea and other data in a geographic information system. A proxy for tubewell access was developed by calculating the local density of tubewells around households. Logistic regression models were built to examine the relationship between childhood diarrhea, tubewell density and tubewell depth. Wealth, adult female education, flood control, population density and the child's age were considered as potential confounders.ResultsBaris (patrilineally-related clusters of households) with greater tubewell density were associated with significantly less diarrhea (OR (odds ratio) = 0.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85-0.89). Tubewell density had a greater influence on childhood diarrhea in areas that were not protected from flooding. Baris using intermediate depth tubewells (140-300 feet) were associated with more childhood diarrhea (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.19-1.29) than those using shallow wells (10-140 feet). Baris using deep wells (300-990 feet) had less diarrheal disease than those using shallow wells, however, the difference was significant only when population density was low (< 1000 person/km2) or children were at the age of 13-24 months.ConclusionsIncreased access to tubewells is associated with a lower risk of childhood diarrhea. Intermediate- depth wells are associated with more childhood diarrhea compared to shallower or deeper wells. These findings may have implications for on-going efforts to reduce exposure to elevated levels of arsenic contained in groundwater that is pumped in this study area primarily from shallow tubewells.

Highlights

During the past three decades in Bangladesh, millions of tubewells have been installed to reduce the prevalence of diarrheal disease
This study explores whether tubewell access reduces diarrheal disease risk and, if so, whether tubewells ≥ 300 ft deep are at least protective in terms of diarrheal diseases compared to shallow wells
This study shows that greater access to tubewells is associated with significantly lower prevalence of diarrheal disease in children

Summary

Introduction

During the past three decades in Bangladesh, millions of tubewells have been installed to reduce the prevalence of diarrheal disease. 1.5 million children die from diarrheal diseases each year globally, which makes it the second most common cause of mortality in children under five [1]. Diarrheal diseases can be attributed to contaminated drinking water, poor sanitation and hygiene, and more broadly to poverty [2,3]. In an effort to reduce diarrheal diseases, during the past 30 years Bangladesh has undertaken an almost universal shift from drinking surface water to drinking groundwater. Millions of tubewells have been installed and provide drinking water for more than 95% of rural residents [6]. Diarrhea mortality has declined in the past four decades in rural

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