Abstract
This study investigates the use of treated sewage water (TSW) as a substitute for fresh tap water (FTW) in concrete production using calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement. The research addresses concerns about freshwater scarcity and emphasizes CSA cement's rapid setting properties, crucial for emergency constructions like military airfield recovery. The focus is on the early-age properties of CSA paste mixed with TSW, with assessments conducted at 4 hours, 1 day, and 3 days post-mixing. Key parameters, including slump, setting times, and hardened characteristics, were evaluated. TSW contained significant metal concentrations and a high pH, with total dissolved solids exceeding FTW by 67%, yet all parameters remained within acceptable limits. Analytical techniques identified ettringite (AFt) as a primary hydration product, while ye'elimite (C4A3Š) was present as a component of the unhydrated clinker in the CSA cement. Simulations showed improved stability in the TSW-CSA interface compared to FTW, although early hydration was slower, likely due to delayed C4A3Š hydration and increased AFt formation. Initially, CSA/TSW pastes presented a refined microstructure, which altered by 3 days. Despite a 14% faster final setting time, compressive strength was 21% lower at 4 hours. These findings highlight TSW's potential as a sustainable alternative in CSA cement mixing, necessitating further research for long-term performance evaluation.
Published Version
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