Abstract
Abstract. Marine stratocumulus cloud properties over the Southeast Atlantic Ocean are impacted by contact between above-cloud biomass burning aerosols and cloud tops. Different vertical separations (0 to 2000 m) between the aerosol layer and cloud tops were observed on six research flights in September 2016 during the NASA ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) field campaign. There were 30 contact profiles, where an aerosol layer with aerosol concentration (Na) > 500 cm−3 was within 100 m of cloud tops, and 41 separated profiles, where the aerosol layer with Na > 500 cm−3 was located more than 100 m above cloud tops. For contact profiles, the average cloud droplet concentration (Nc) in the cloud layer was up to 68 cm−3 higher, the effective radius (Re) up to 1.3 µm lower, and the liquid water content (LWC) within 0.01 g m−3 compared to separated profiles. Free-tropospheric humidity was higher in the presence of biomass burning aerosols, and contact profiles had a smaller decrease in humidity (and positive buoyancy) across cloud tops with higher median above-cloud Na (895 cm−3) compared to separated profiles (30 cm−3). Due to droplet evaporation from entrainment mixing of warm, dry free-tropospheric air into the clouds, the median Nc and LWC for contact profiles decreased with height by 21 and 9 % in the top 20 % of the cloud layer. The impact of droplet evaporation was stronger during separated profiles as a greater decrease in humidity (and negative buoyancy) across cloud tops led to greater decreases in median Nc (30 %) and LWC (16 %) near cloud tops. Below-cloud Na was sampled during 61 profiles, and most contact profiles (20 out of 28) were within high-Na (> 350 cm−3) boundary layers, while most separated profiles (22 out of 33) were within low-Na (< 350 cm−3) boundary layers. Although the differences in below-cloud Na were statistically insignificant, contact profiles within low-Na boundary layers had up to 34.9 cm−3 higher Nc compared to separated profiles. This is consistent with a weaker impact of droplet evaporation in the presence of biomass burning aerosols within 100 m above cloud tops. For contact profiles within high-Na boundary layers, the presence of biomass burning aerosols led to higher below-cloud Na (up to 70.5 cm−3) and additional droplet nucleation above the cloud base along with weaker droplet evaporation. Consequently, the contact profiles in high-Na boundary layers had up to 88.4 cm−3 higher Nc compared to separated profiles. These results motivate investigations of aerosol–cloud–precipitation interactions over the Southeast Atlantic since the changes in Nc and Re induced by the presence of above-cloud biomass burning aerosols are likely to impact precipitation rates, liquid water path, and cloud fraction, and modulate closed-to-open-cell transitions.
Highlights
Clouds cover about two-thirds of the Earth’s surface (Stubenrauch et al, 2013) and exert a global net cloud radiative effect (CRE) of about – 17.1 W m−2 on Earth’s energy budget (Loeb et al, 2009)
Images from a forward-facing camera on the aircraft contrast a boundary layer with multiple cloud layers (Fig. 4a; image taken at 08:53 UTC) during S1-3 and a shallow, well-mixed boundary layer capped by stratocumulus (Fig. 4b; image taken at 13:16 UTC) during S4-1
Nc due to the impact of Biomass burning aerosols (BBAs) are more strongly correlated with below-cloud Na compared to above-cloud Na (Diamond et al, 2018; Mardi et al, 2019). These results suggest that, the differences in Nc were lower than the differences in above-cloud Na, significant changes in Nc and Re were associated with contact with above-cloud BBAs, and these changes were independent of the below-cloud aerosol loading
Summary
Clouds cover about two-thirds of the Earth’s surface (Stubenrauch et al, 2013) and exert a global net cloud radiative effect (CRE) of about – 17.1 W m−2 on Earth’s energy budget (Loeb et al, 2009). Stratocumulus properties depend on the number, size, composition, and vertical distribution of aerosols, and meteorological parameters such as boundary layer height, air mass history, and cloud-top instability, all of which can modulate the aerosol loading and influence aerosol–cloud interactions. The Southeast Atlantic serves as a natural laboratory to examine the effects of varying vertical profiles of above-cloud aerosols on cloud microphysics due to instances of both separation and contact between the BBA layer and the stratocumulus. 3. The meteorological and aerosol conditions present are examined, and profiles of Nc, Re, and LWC are compared for four sawtooth maneuvers flown at locations where clouds were in contact with and separated from above-cloud BBAs. In Sect.
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