Abstract
The article considers the pattern of relationship between the Russian Empire and the nomadic peoples of the Southern Urals and Central Asia in the 1730s. The authors study the impact of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735-1739 on the geopolitical situation in the southeastern frontier zone, and review the signifi cance of the Orenburg Expedition (Commission) to the settlement of confl icts among the steppe subjects of the empire as well as for preventing threats to them coming from neighboring states. The study is based on materials of the Orenburg Commission and the Orenburg Expedition preserved in the State Archive of the Orenburg region. The authors do not share the opinion that the Orenburg Expedition was founded exclusively as a mechanism of imperial colonial policy, but neither do they deny its role in expanding Russia’s protectorate into the Kazakh steppe, and later into Central Asia. During the war, Russia aimed at preventing Kazakh raids against the Kalmyk nomads, for such raids prevented the Kalmyks from participating in the campaigns against the Crimean and Kuban Tatars who fought alongside Turkey. The article shows that the Orenburg Expedition, whose few troops were involved in suppressing the Bashkir uprising, were only able to provide the Kalmyks with diplomatic support. The aggressive policy of the Dzungar Khanate, aimed at the conquest of Kazakhstan, prevented the Kazakh Zhuzhes from establishing military hegemony in the Ural steppes. Only the fi rm stance of Russia, which declared its readiness to protect its Kazakh subjects, made the Dzungar ruler Goldan-Tseren renounce his claims to the Kazakh steppes. The authors conclude that the policy of Russia in this region was to prevent prolonged military confl icts among the steppe peoples while at the same time neutralizing any attempts at their military unifi cation. Russia assumed the role of a peacemaker, and, in the case of external threat, of a reliable ally; this raised the authority of the empire and forced the nomads to seek its patronage and submit to its will.
Highlights
The political course set by Peter the Great, primarily aimed at the conquest of the Black Sea coast and the expansion of the Russian territory into the Caucasus and South-East Asia, continued under his successors
The Russian government performed the role of a peacemaker, arbitrator, and a reliable ally in case of an external threat and raised the authority of the Empire in order to force the nomads to seek its protection and submit to its will
It was the Orenburg Expedition (Commission) itself which was meant to pursue the policy of establishing the Russian statehood in the steppes of the Southern Urals and the Ural-Caspian region, and, in the future, the whole Central Asia
Summary
The political course set by Peter the Great, primarily aimed at the conquest of the Black Sea coast and the expansion of the Russian territory into the Caucasus and South-East Asia, continued under his successors. The government of Empress Anna Ioannovna tried to solve both problems simultaneously. She launched a war against Turkey for the possession of Crimea and the western part of the North Caucasus, which went on for almost four years, but failed to bring the desired effect. The Crimean and Turkish emissaries, by urging the Bashkirs and Kazakhs not to submit to the power of the ‘white king’, posed a serious threat It was only the diplomacy of the chiefs of the Orenburg Expedition (from 1737, Commission) and the governors of the neighboring Astrakhan and Siberian provinces that was able to neutralize the subversive activities of the Porte and to appease the militant Islamic nomads
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