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Abstract
The methylammonium lead halide perovskites have shown significant promise as a low-cost, second generation, photovoltaic material. Despite recent advances, however, there are still a number of fundamental aspects of their formation as well as their physical and electronic behavior that are not well understood. In this letter we explore the mechanism by which these materials crystallize by testing the outcome of each of the reagent halide salts. We find that components of both salts, lead halide and methylammonium halide, are relatively mobile and can be readily exchanged during the crystallization process when the reaction is carried out in solution or in the solid state. We exploit this fact by showing that the perovskite structure is formed even when the lead salt's anion is a non-halide, leading to lower annealing temperature and time requirements for film formation. Studies into these behaviors may ultimately lead to improved processing conditions for photovoltaic films.
Highlights
For many crystalline semiconductors, the ability to grow large, oriented grains is essential for high performance
In this letter we show that the perovskite structure forms via complete dissociation and rearrangement of all reagent halide salts under both solution and solid state conditions
Various groups have reported a one-step deposition method (Fig. 1(a)) that consists of mixing a lead halide salt (PbX2, X = I−, Cl−) and a methylammonium halide salt (MAX, X = I−, Cl−) in a common solvent and depositing the solution on a substrate
Summary
The ability to grow large, oriented grains is essential for high performance. (Received 2 May 2014; accepted 20 June 2014; published online 7 July 2014)
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