Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium is an enteric pathogen that causes acute and chronic infections in humans and animals. One-week-old germ-free piglets were orally colonized/infected with the Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 strain or its isogenic rough ΔrfaL, ΔrfaG or ΔrfaC mutants with exactly defined lipopolysaccharide (LPS) defects. After 24 h, the piglets were euthanized and the colonization of the small intestine, translocations into the mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, and bacteremia, along with changes in the ileum histology, and transcription levels of the tight junction proteins claudin-1, claudin-2, and occludin were all assessed. Additionally, transcription levels of IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-10 in the terminal ileum, and their local and systemic protein levels were evaluated. Wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium showed the highest translocation, histopathological changes, upregulation of claudins and downregulation of occludin, transcription of the cytokines, intestinal IL-8 and TNF-α levels, and systemic TNF-α and IL-10 levels. Depending on the extent of the incompleteness of the LPS, the levels of the respective elements decreased, or no changes were observed at all in the piglets colonized/infected with Δrfa mutants. Intestinal IL-10 and systemic IL-8 levels were not detected in any piglet groups. This study provided foundational data on the gnotobiotic piglet response to colonization/infection with the exactly defined rough Salmonella Typhimurium LT2 isogenic mutants.
Highlights
Members of the genus Salmonella are enteric pathogens that cause acute and chronic infections in a broad range of hosts [1]
The germ-free piglets inoculated with wild-type Salmonella Typhimurium developed diarrhea 10 h post-infection, and their feces changed from pale brown and pasty, to yellow and watery
The piglets inoculated with the ∆rfaC Salmonella Typhimurium mutant less expressed clinical signs of salmonellosis than the
Summary
Members of the genus Salmonella are enteric pathogens that cause acute and chronic infections in a broad range of hosts [1]. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) belongs among the most frequent non-typhoid Salmonella serovars that cause gastroenteritis in both humans and pigs [2,3]. While it can cause self-limited gastroenteritis in healthy individuals, infection with. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a prominent virulence factor of Gram-negative bacteria and is the most abundant component of their cell walls. It forms a selectivity permeable barrier that restricts the entry of molecules into the bacterial cell [6] and it is composed of the lipid A, the core oligosaccharide, and the O-antigen consisting of repeating sugar units [7]. LPS can be released either from damaged
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