Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on patients with primary immunodeficiency

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic, driven by SARS-CoV-2, has seen the emergence of multiple variants, complicating public health responses and vaccine development. Individuals with primary immunodeficiency (PID) are particularly vulnerable to severe COVID-19. This review examines the heightened risk and varied clinical outcomes in patients with PID, exploring the role of immunoglobulin replacement therapy which provides passive immunity through anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. During the Omicron variant surge, this cohort of patients generally experienced less severe illness and higher survival rates compared to earlier waves. Yet, immunocompromised individuals and those with PID should continue to remain cautious to minimize exposure. The review underscores the importance of vigilant public health measures, targeted interventions, and tailored vaccination strategies to protect PID patients as COVID-19 transitions to an endemic phase. Ongoing research is essential to fully understand COVID-19's long-term impact on immunocompromised individuals and to refine their clinical management.