Abstract
The stress response, by virtue of release of glucocorticoids and catecholamines and by modifying the endocrine, neural, and immune responses, can impact the function of the fibroblasts and myofibroblasts that reside throughout the body and more specifically in the fascia, a ubiquitous and multi-functional connective tissue that supports the body. In the present paper, we review these stress-induced responses relying on psychoneuroendocrineimmunology.
Highlights
2. many cells of several tissues can produce and secrete stress hormones that can impact the central hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis (HPA) axis and the whole body [4,5,6]; 3. the HPA axis can heavily influence the immune system [7, 8];
For the sake of simplicity, we will consider the terms “fascia” and “fascial system” according to the definition given by Carla Stecco and Robert Schleip in an editorial about fascia science and its clinical applications: a fascia is “a sheath, a sheet or any number of other dissectible aggregations of connective tissue that forms beneath the skin to attach, enclose, separate muscles and other internal organs,” whereas the fascial system is “a network of interacting, interrelated, interdependent tissues forming a complex whole, all collaborating to perform a movement.”
Selye defined the stress response as “a syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents” [36], it turned out that the human HPA axis is mainly activated by psychosocial stimuli [37], which can dramatically affect the HPA axis and other related neuroendocrine responses via numerous molecules produced by the brain, with a heavy impact on health and longevity [19, 38,39,40]
Summary
The term “stress” was used for the first time by Walter Bradford Cannon [33], whereas the existence of the HPA axis was theorized by Hans Selye [34]. Selye viewed stress as the essence of life since the activation of the HPA axis allows living beings to respond to endogenous and exogenous stimuli, such as changes in hydration or tissue pH, infections, environmental temperature, pollutants, etc. Selye defined the stress response as “a syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents” [36], it turned out that the human HPA axis is mainly activated by psychosocial stimuli [37], which can dramatically affect the HPA axis and other related neuroendocrine responses via numerous molecules produced by the brain, with a heavy impact on health and longevity [19, 38,39,40]
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