Abstract
In this study, a global atmospheric model, Specified Dynamics Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere and ionosphere eXtension (SD-WACCM-X), and the residual circulation principle were used to study the global atmospheric circulation from the lower to upper atmosphere (~500 km) from 2002 to 2019. Our analysis shows that the atmospheric circulation is clearly influenced by solar activity, especially in the upper atmosphere, which is mainly characterized by an enhanced atmospheric circulation in years with high solar activity. The atmospheric circulation in the upper atmosphere also exhibits an ~11 year period, and its variation is highly correlated with the temporal variation in the F10.7 solar index during the same time series, with a maximum correlation coefficient of up to more than 0.9. In the middle and lower atmosphere, the impact of solar activity on the atmospheric circulation is not as obvious as in the upper atmosphere due to some atmospheric activities such as the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO), El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), sudden stratospheric warming (SSW), volcanic forcing, and so on. By comparing the atmospheric circulation in different latitudinal regions between years with high and low solar activity, we found the atmospheric circulation in mid- and high-latitude regions is more affected by solar activity than in low-latitude and equatorial regions. In addition, clear seasonal variation in atmospheric circulation was detected in the global atmosphere, excluding the regions near 10−4 hPa and the lower atmosphere, which is mainly characterized by a flow from the summer hemisphere to the winter hemisphere. In the middle and low atmosphere, the atmospheric circulation shows a quasi-biennial oscillatory variation in the low-latitude and equatorial regions. This work provides a referable study of global atmospheric circulation and demonstrates the impacts of solar activity on global atmospheric circulation.
Highlights
Atmospheric circulation is the state of widespread atmospheric motion
Many studies have been conducted on the responses of atmospheric circu‐ lation to solar activity, they focused on some kinds of atmospheric circulation in the mid‐ dle and lower atmosphere or at specified latitude regions [40,41,43,44,46]
Many studies have been conducted on the responses of atmospheric circulation to solar activity, they focused on some kinds of atmospheric circulation in the middle and lower atmosphere or at specified latitude regions [40,41,43,44,46]
Summary
Atmospheric circulation is the state of widespread atmospheric motion It includes the average state of atmospheric motion over a large area or a certain atmospheric layer over a long period of time or the process of atmospheric motion over a certain period of time [1]. It is a significant process in the global atmosphere, as it can transport and balance angular momentum, heat, and moisture in the Earth’s atmospheric system, and mutually convert various energies [1,2,3,4,5]. More detailed information on these models can be found in Maher et al [10] and the references therein
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