Impact of Smokeless Tobacco on the Color Stability of Zirconia, Zirconia-Reinforced Lithium Silicate and Feldspathic CAD/CAM Restorative Materials: An In Vitro Study

Mohammed M Al Moaleem,Hassan A Alhazmi,Jabbar A Khubrani,Hussam M Muyidi,Ahmed H Huraysi,Asaad Khalid,Abdulrahman M Asiri,Recep Kara,Khalaf F Alsharif,Faris A Alshahrani,Shankargouda Patil,Ramzi M Abu Hadi,Hafiz A Adawi,Shilpa Bhandi

doi:10.3390/coatings12020207

Abstract

WHO estimates that the global number of tobacco users exceeds 1.3 billion people. Few studies have examined the effect of locally made smokeless tobacco (ST) products on the color changes of material used in dental prosthetics. Bearing the recent advances in CAD/CAM ceramic restorations material in mind, this study aimed to assess ST influence on mean color change (∆E*) values among selected CAD/CAM ceramic types: multilayer zirconia (Ceramill Zolid PS), zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic (Vita Suprinity), and feldspathic (Vita TriLuxe) restorative materials. The color changes of the ceramics were compared to VITA classical and VITA 3D-MASTER shade guides. Sixty CAD/CAM ceramic specimens (20 samples each) were fabricated from Ceramill Zolid PS, Vita TriLuxe Forte, and VITA Suprinity. Specimens were prepared and divided into two groups according to the ST type and immersed for two weeks. Basic VITA classical and VITA 3D-MASTER colors were recorded at a baseline of one week and two weeks. The highest ∆E* values were recorded in the black ST for Vita Suprinity (4.77) in the first week, followed by Vita TriLuxe (4.07) in the second week. For white ST, Vita TriLuxe (4.87), and Vita Suprinity (4.42) showed extensive color change after two weeks and one week, respectively. The color change was least in zirconia for black and white ST after one week. CAD/CAM ceramic materials showed no significant difference after 1 and 2 weeks for the tested ST types. The effects of ST on CAD/CAM ceramic material (∆E* values) were high but did not reach clinically unacceptable values. Zirconia showed the least amount of color change among all the tested materials.

Highlights

Tobacco is considered a major contributing factor in the mortality of more than half its users
The highest values were found for Vita TriLuxe (4.87) and Vita Suprinity (4.42) at the two weeks and one-week time points, while the lowest was for Zircon (2.81) at one week
The student t-test showed no significant differences between CAD/CAM ceramic materials at 1 and 2-weeks concerning smokeless tobacco (ST) type (Table 2)

Summary

Introduction

Tobacco is considered a major contributing factor in the mortality of more than half its users. Global tobacco demand has surged in the past decade. WHO estimates that the number of tobacco users exceeds 1.3 billion people. In several areas of the world, the use of smokeless tobacco (ST) has cultural overtones even though its use is a preventable cause of oral cavity diseases, pre-cancerous and cancerous diseases, and death [1]. ST is largely manufactured by powdering the tobacco along with ash, flavors, oils, calcium oxide, and black pepper [6]. ST is classified based on composition and color, including gray, white, and black powder [3]. More than 28 types of ST are used orally, and two types are nasally inhaled [7]

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