Abstract
Pineapple by-products (peels and stems) from fruit processing industries were evaluated to understand its potential application as a functional food. Therefore, the bioactive compounds of pineapple by-products were characterized for prebiotic and antioxidant activities. A total characterization of soluble carbohydrates profile (simples and complex carbohydrates), as well as polyphenols was performed, after removal of enzymatic fraction from pineapple crude juice, allowing the decrease of proteolytic activity and improving the other biological activities. Results showed that pineapple liquid fraction, from stem and peels, can be applied as a prebiotic enhancer, promoting the growth of five probiotic microorganisms (two strains of Lactobacillus sp. and three strains of Bifidobacterium sp.), as a single carbohydrate source. Moreover, through HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) analysis, 10 polyphenols were identified in pineapple liquid fractions, with some expected differences between both evaluated by-products. Gastrointestinal tract was simulated, in a continuous mode to understand the impact of pH changes and gastrointestinal enzymes into pineapple liquid fractions. Results showed a digestion of high molecular weight polysaccharides into small molecular weight tri-, di-, and monosaccharides. There was an increase of samples antioxidant activity through the gastrointestinal stage, followed by the release of specific polyphenols, such as chlorogenic, coumaric, and ferulic acids. The prebiotic activity did not improve throughout the simulation, in fact, the prebiotic potential decreased throughout the different stages.
Highlights
Food waste management within the food industry is critical, stimulating increasing interest into the development of new valorization strategies
The carbohydrates standards for identification and quantification of oligosaccharides were d-xylose, xylobiose, xylotriose, xylotrehalose, and xylopentaose were acquired at Megazymes (Bray, Ireland), while polysaccharides standards for molecular weight were bought from ShodexTM (Munich, Germany) and d-galactose and d-cellobiose from SigmaAldrich
The present results revealed that PBLF has potential to be applied as a prebiotic enhancer to most of the tested probiotic strains when used as a single carbon source
Summary
Food waste management within the food industry is critical, stimulating increasing interest into the development of new valorization strategies. This raw material is rich in valueadded products with several biological activities associated with several molecules, such as, polyphenols, carotenoids [4], and proteolytic enzymes—bromelain (EC 3.4.22.33) [5], and different type of sugars (smaller and bigger in molecular size) that may be used in fermentation for the production of different ingredients, such as production of ethanol and nanocellulose, beyond other ingredients and applications [3,6,7,8,9,10] In this context, recent studies have suggested that juices produced from juices can be employed as a substitute medium for the incorporation of probiotics, due to larger amounts of simple sugars, which will stimulate probiotics growth [11]. Salunkhe and Kadam (1995) [13] has described that pineapple juice contains neutral polysaccharides composed predominantly by soluble oligosaccharides, such as galactomannans, while the recognized prebiotic structures are other oligosaccharides, such as fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), lactulose, and inulin, there are still a variety of alternative carbohydrates that might display prebiotic potential, amongst these galactomannans
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