Abstract
Phytoprostanes (PhytoPs) and phytofurans (PhytoFs) are oxylipins synthesized by nonenzymatic peroxidation of α-linolenic acid. These compounds are biomarkers of oxidative degradation in plant foods. In this research, the effect of environment and supplementation with salicylic acid (SA) on PhytoPs and PhytoFs was monitored by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS) on seven rice genotypes from Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica. The plastic cover environment and spray application with 1 and 15 mM SA produced a reduction in the concentration of most of these newly established stress biomarkers [9-F1t-PhytoP, ent-16-F1t-PhytoP, ent-16- epi-16-F1t-PhytoP, 9-D1t-PhytoP, 9- epi-9-D1t-PhytoP, 16-B1-PhytoP, 9-L1-PhytoP, ent-16( RS)-9- epi-ST-Δ14-10-PhytoF, ent-9( RS)-12- epi-ST-Δ10-13-PhytoF, and ent-16( RS)-13- epi-ST-Δ14-9-PhytoF] by 60.7% on average. The modification observed in the level of PhytoPs and PhytoFs differed according to the specific oxylipins and genotype, demonstrating a close linkage between genetic features and resistance to abiotic stress, to some extent mediated by the sensitivity of plants to the plant hormone SA that participates in the physiological response of higher plants to stress. Thus, in plants exposed to stressing factors, SA contribute to modulating the redox balance, minimizing the oxidation of fatty acids and thus the syntheis of oxylipins. These results indicated that SA could be a promising tool for managing the thermotolerance of rice crop. However, it remains necessary to study the mechanism of action of PhytoPs and PhytoFs in biochemical processes related to the defense of plants and define their role as stress biomarkers through a nonenzymatic pathway.
Highlights
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a tropical or subtropical crop featuring high adaptability to diverse environmental conditions.[1]
The modification observed in the level of PhytoPs and PhytoFs differed according to the specific oxylipins and genotype, demonstrating a close linkage between genetic features and resistance to abiotic stress, to some extent mediated by the sensitivity of plants to the plant hormone salicylic acid (SA) that participates in the physiological response of higher plants to stress
The standards for PhytoPs and PhytoFs were synthesized as previously described,[8,19−23] and provided by the Institut des Biomoleć ules Max Mousseron (IBMM, Montpellier, France). n-Hexane was purchased from Panreac (Barcelona, Spain); butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), bis−tris, and SA were obtained from Sigma−Aldrich
Summary
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a tropical or subtropical crop featuring high adaptability to diverse environmental conditions.[1]. To evaluate the effect of environmental conditions and SA spraying on the stress level of plants of different rice genotypes upon the modification of concentration of PhytoPs and PhytoFs, a field trial was established in an experimental station in the province of Buenos Aires, in central-east Argentina, which included the genotypes Yerua, R/03-5 × desc/04-52-1-1 (L1), R/03-5 × desc/04-45-1-1 (L2), Amaroo × desc/08-1-1-
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