Abstract
The Uruguay Round Agreement of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and other trade agreements, such as NAFTA and MERCOSUR, have contributed to the increase in U.S. and world rice trade since 1994. Rice, however, continues to be one of the most highly protected agricultural commodities, with current tariff rates in several developing countries ranging from 50% to 230%. Protectionist policies for rice include tariffs, tariff rate quotas, state trading, and various domestic government programs (Amponsah, Colyer, and Jolly). Before implementation of the Uruguay Round Agreement, Japan and South Korea maintained an almost complete ban on rice imports. To begin opening these markets, the Uruguay Round provided special minimum market access (MA) rules with the goal of eventually shifting to tariffication. The grace period for tariffication was set at six years for Japan (1995 to 2000) and ten years for South Korea (1995 to 2004). South Korea received additional time for tariffication and a lower
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