Abstract
We have investigated the horizontal resolution dependence of the ocean–atmosphere coupling along the Gulf Stream, of simulations made by six Global Climate Models according to the HighResMIP protocol, and compared it with reanalysis and remote sensing observations. Two ocean–atmosphere interaction mechanisms are explored in detail: The Vertical Mixing Mechanism (VMM) associated with the intensification of downward momentum transfer, and the Pressure Adjustment Mechanism (PAM) associated with secondary circulations driven by pressure gradients. Both VMM and PAM are found to be active even in the eddy-parameterized models. However, increasing ocean and/or atmosphere resolution leads to enhanced ocean–atmosphere coupling and improved agreement with reanalysis and observations. Our results indicate that while one part of the stronger air–sea coupling is attributable to the refinement of the oceanic component to eddy-permitting, optimal results are obtained only by further increase of the atmosphere resolution too. The use of the eddy-resolving model show weaker or same coupling strength over the eddy-permitting resolution. We conclude that at least eddy-permiting ocean resolution and comparable atmosphere resolution are required for a reliable ocean–atmosphere coupling along the Gulf Stream.
Highlights
There is growing evidence that strong sea surface temperature (SST) gradients, oceanic fronts and eddies can force the atmosphere by affecting the near surface wind
Simulating accurately the ocean–atmosphere interaction is key for correctly simulating the North Atlantic jet and storm track and European climate (Haarsma et al 2019; Piazza et al 2016; Small et al 2014)
Using the simulations of six GCMs made according to the HighResMIP protocol, we have evaluated the ocean–atmosphere interaction and compared it with reanalyses and available observations
Summary
There is growing evidence that strong sea surface temperature (SST) gradients, oceanic fronts and eddies can force the atmosphere by affecting the near surface wind. At smaller scales, in regions of large mesoscale oceanic activity, higher wind speeds are associated with warm SST anomalies (Small et al 2008; O’Neill et al 2005; Xie 2004). This reversed relation indicates that at mesoscale, the ocean is forcing the atmosphere.
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