Abstract
In this paper, the impact of natural and anthropogenic sources on particulate matter with diameter less than 10 μm (PM10) was investigated in Jeddah urban area, Saudi Arabia to identify and quantify the major particle pollution source classes. Hourly data of PM10 and other gaseous pollutants (NOx, CO, SO2 and O3) and meteorological factors (temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind speed and wind direction) were collected at two air quality monitoring sites for the period of March 2008 to February 2009. The air mass origin was determined using 5-day backward trajectories arriving to Jeddah by using HYSPLIT model. Results show that the PM10 Daily Limit Value was exceeded. The most frequent air masses entering Jeddah and thereby influencing PM10 concentrations come from the East, specifically the SE and NE directions, 84% of the trajectories were originated over the Arabian Peninsula including Saudi Arabia mainland and the Arabian Gulf. The Mediterranean Sea and southern Europe were the origin source of 8% of the air mass trajectories, another 8% were originated from North Africa and Sahara Desert. The majority of PM10 episodes were attributed to the intrusion of dust to Jeddah urban air.
Highlights
Particulate matter (PM) is consisting of a mixture of particles that can be solid, liquid or both, are suspended in the air and represent complex mixture of organic and inorganic substances
This study had two aims, and the main conclusions regarding the first stated aim of investigating the long range transport contribute to high PM10 levels in two locations in Jeddah from March 2008 to February 2009: The USEPA 24-hr average concentration of PM10 (150 μg/m3) was exceeded in 38 days at the two selected air quality monitoring sites in Jeddah
The modeling and analysis of air mass trajectories demonstrate that Jeddah air quality was influenced strongly by Arabian Peninsula including Saudi Arabia mainland, the Arabian Gulf, 84% of the air mass trajectories were originated in these regions, suggesting the impact of natural sources. 8% of the air mass trajectories were originated from Mediterranean Sea and southern Europe, mainly from W-NW sector
Summary
Particulate matter (PM) is consisting of a mixture of particles that can be solid, liquid or both, are suspended in the air and represent complex mixture of organic and inorganic substances. The most conclusive evidence has been provided by cohort and time series studies that have linked elevated concentrations of PM to increased morbidity and mortality [4]-[7] The majority of these studies have assessed the health effects of particles expressed as the risk per unit mass/m3 of PM10 or PM2.5. Markus Sillanpää et al [16] investigated the chemical composition of fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5−10) particulate matter in 7-week field campaigns of contrasting air pollution at six urban background sites in Europe. Several hundred of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 daily samples were collected by by Mazzei et al [17] in sites of the urban area of Genoa (Italy) with different geo-morphological and urbanization characteristics They could identify and quote the contamination of anthropogenic PM in “natural” sources (sea, soil dust). PM10 road dust fraction was sampled directly from active traffic lanes at 23 sampling sites during a campaign in Barcelona (Spain)
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