Impact of Quantum Information Technology on Future National Security Space

Abstract

The current state of the art in space systems would not be possible without the advances in our understanding of matter and light at the atomic level provided by quantum theory. This triumph of 20th century physics provides the foundation for most of the components employed in satellites from integrated circuits, solar cells, atomic clocks, and advanced materials. Over the past 25 years a new understanding of the relationship between quantum theory, theory and security, and computing has raised the possibility of exploiting \quantum information for computing and secure encryption key generation. The eld of quantum science exploits quantum states for processing and security applications. The power of quantum derives from the quantum nature of matter that allow algorithms with exponential speed-up when compared to the best-known classical algorithms. Quantum Key Distribution involves using quantum states, typically encoded into the phase or polarization of photons, to securely share the bits to be used to construct an encryption key. The theoretical security of quantum key distribution rests on the physical laws of quantum theory, unlike classical cryptography that relies on assumptions about the computational complexity of certain mathematical problems. In this paper we survey the state of quantum science and technology, summarizing the basic features of quantum processing and key distribution. We describe the potential for quantum computing and key distribution to support future NSS applications and missions, for both the ground and space segments. We conclude with a discussion of the current challenges with advancing quantum technology to meet these future needs.