Impact of Probiotic Combination in InR[E19]/TM2 Drosophila melanogaster on Longevity, Related Gene Expression, and Intestinal Microbiota: A Preliminary Study.

Shuang Ma,Hui Xu,Hao Sun,Mingfu Gao,Weichao Yang

doi:10.3390/microorganisms8071027

Abstract

The insulin receptor (InR) pertains to the insulin receptor family, which plays a key role in the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-like signaling (IIS) pathway. Insulin signaling defects may result in the development of metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, and the InR mutant has been suggested to bear insulin signaling deficiency. Numerous studies have reported that probiotics are beneficial for the treatment of diabetes; however, the effect of probiotics on patients with InR deficiency has seldom been reported. Therefore, we chose the InR[E19]/TM2 Drosophila melanogaster to investigate. The results indicated that probiotics significantly reduce the mean and median lifespan of InR[E19]/TM2 Drosophila (by 15.56% and 23.82%, respectively), but promote that of wild-type files (by 9.31% and 16.67%, respectively). Significant differences were obtained in the expression of lifespan- and metabolism-related genes, such as Imp-L2, Tor, and GstD2, between the standard diet groups and the probiotics groups. Furthermore, analysis of 16S rDNA via high throughput sequencing revealed that the gut bacterial diversity of Drosophila fed with a probiotic combination also differs from that of Drosophila fed with a standard diet. In summary, these findings indicate that a probiotic combination indeed affects InR[E19]/TM2 Drosophila, but not all of its impacts are positive.

Highlights

Intestinal microbiota is a cooperative community that includes trillions of bacteria
Based on these previous studies, we propose that the decreased median and mean lifespan of Drosophila in PRO insulin receptor (InR)[E19]/TM2 group could be linked to changes in crucial signaling pathways and in the homeostasis of intestinal bacteria
Previous works have demonstrated that major these previous studies, we propose that the decreased median and mean lifespan of Drosophila in PRO InR[E19]/TM2 group could be linked to changes in crucial signaling pathways and in the homeostasis of intestinal bacteria

Summary

Introduction

Intestinal microbiota is a cooperative community that includes trillions of bacteria. Multiple studies suggest that intestinal bacteria can affect physical health, including metabolism, immune regulation, and behavior, by absorbing minerals, synthesizing vitamins, extracting nutrients and energy from food, etc. In order to exert more benefits, some well-known probiotics and prebiotics have been mixed and manufactured into probiotic combination products [8,9]. Clinical studies have demonstrated that some probiotics can regulate the diversity and functional structure of intestinal bacteria [10,11]. One comprehensive review concluded that, in more than 75% of cases, multi-strain combinations are more effective than their individual components [4]. Probiotics constitute a multi-billion dollar industry that continues to grow and that is one of the most common food supplements worldwide. Probiotics can be commercialized as lyophilized pills [12,13]

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