Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a world-wide public health problem. Inflammation, endothelial dysfunction (ED) and vascular calcifications are clinical features of CKD patients that increase cardiovascular (CV) mortality. CKD-related CV disease pathogenic mechanisms are not only associated with traditional factors such as arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia, but also with ED, oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation. The typical comorbidities of CKD contribute to reduce the performance and the levels of the physical activity in nephropathic patients compared to healthy subjects. Currently, the effective role of physical activity on ED is still debated, but the available few literature data suggest its positive contribution. Another possible adjuvant treatment of ED in CKD patients is represented by natural bioactive compounds (NBCs). Among these, minor polar compounds of extra virgin olive oil (hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol and oleocanthal), polyphenols, and vitamin D seem to exert a beneficial role on ED in CKD patients. The objective of the review is to evaluate the effectiveness of physical exercise protocols and/or NBCs on ED in CKD patients.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing health problem both socially and economically, worldwide [1]
Despite the results indicate a positive effect of the physical exercise, this study was conducted on a small group of patients
A different study [111] does not confirm the results reported above; Van Craenenbroeck et al evaluated the effects of 3 months home-based aerobic training program consisted of four daily cycling sessions of 10 min
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing health problem both socially and economically, worldwide [1]. Patients in renal replacement therapy (RRT) have high mortality, mainly related to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) [2,3]. The enhanced incidence of cardiovascular (CV) events is closely related to the state of chronic inflammation, typical of CKD, resulting in the acceleration of ageing phenomena. An important epidemiological study demonstrated that hemodialysis (HD) patients aged 25–35 years have a higher CV-mortality rate than subjects over 85 years of the general population. This phenomenon cannot be explained by examining the traditional “modifiable” and the “non modifiable” CV risk factors such as gender, age, tobacco habit, etc. This phenomenon cannot be explained by examining the traditional “modifiable” and the “non modifiable” CV risk factors such as gender, age, tobacco habit, etc. [5,6,7,8]
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