Impact of Palliative Care Screening and Consultation in the ICU: A Multihospital Quality Improvement Project

Abstract

ContextThere are few multicenter studies that examine the impact of systematic screening for palliative care and specialty consultation in the intensive care unit (ICU). ObjectiveTo determine the outcomes of receiving palliative care consultation (PCC) for patients who screened positive on palliative care referral criteria. MethodsIn a prospective quality assurance intervention with a retrospective analysis, the covariate balancing propensity score method was used to estimate the conditional probability of receiving a PCC and to balance important covariates. For patients with and without PCCs, outcomes studied were as follows: 1) change to “do not resuscitate” (DNR), 2) discharge to hospice, 3) 30-day readmission, 4) hospital length of stay (LOS), 5) total direct hospital costs. ResultsIn 405 patients with positive screens, 161 (40%) who received a PCC were compared to 244 who did not. Patients receiving PCCs had higher rates of DNR—adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 7.5; 95% CI 5.6–9.9) and hospice referrals—(AOR = 7.6; 95% CI 5.0–11.7). They had slightly lower 30-day readmissions—(AOR = 0.7; 95% CI 0.5–1.0); no overall difference in direct costs or LOS was found between the two groups. When patients receiving PCCs were stratified by time to PCC initiation, early consultation—by Day 4 of admission—was associated with reductions in LOS (1.7 days [95% CI −3.1, −1.2]) and average direct variable costs (−$1815 [95% CI −$3322, −$803]) compared to those who received no PCC. ConclusionReceiving a PCC in the ICUs was significantly associated with more frequent DNR code status and hospice referrals, but not 30-day readmissions or hospital utilization. Early PCC was associated with significant LOS and direct cost reductions. Providing PCC early in the ICU should be considered.