Impact of organic pollutants on the macro and microstructure responses of Na-bentonite

Abstract

Bentonite (Bent) is a favorable buffer material for waste containment barriers, although its properties may be affected by the pore fluid chemistry. Hence, this study investigates the role of different organic pollutants including methanol, acetone, acetic acid, and citric acid on the macro and microstructure responses of Na+-Bent. The chemicals at various concentrations (0 to 80% by the volume of distilled water) were separately added to the soil samples which were then subjected to a set of tests. The results indicate that an increase in the concentration of organic permeants by decreasing the dielectric constant (ε) reduces the plasticity index, compressibility and swelling potential of soil; whereas, the permeability increases. Such changes are ascribed to a tighter packing of the clay particles, as clearly confirmed by the SEM micrographs and XRD patterns. The decrease in the absolute value of soil zeta potential also supports the development of coagulated structure in the artificially contaminated samples upon reducing the ε of solution. However, the results reveal that the sensitivity of soil properties to the variations in the ε value is pronounced at the intermediate stages of concentration (i.e. the organic fluid/water ratio<60%) when the ε is higher than 50. In addition, at relatively low concentration, the acidic permeants dramatically alter the soil fabric due to having lower pH, causing remarkable effects on the hydro-mechanical parameters as compared to the other chemicals. Overall, the organic pollutants, depending on their type and concentration, exert negative impact on the barrier performance of Na+-Bent which are not precisely comparable only with reference to the changes in the dielectric constant of pore fluid, and thereby may not be completely explained by the diffuse double layer (DDL) theory.