Abstract
We investigated the impact of nutrient intake on hydration biomarkers in cyclists before and after a 161 km ride, including one hour after a 650 mL water bolus consumed post-ride. To control for multicollinearity, we chose a clustering-based, machine learning statistical approach. Five hydration biomarkers (urine color, urine specific gravity, plasma osmolality, plasma copeptin, and body mass change) were configured as raw- and percent change. Linear regressions were used to test for associations between hydration markers and eight predictor terms derived from 19 nutrients merged into a reduced-dimensionality dataset through serial k-means clustering. Most predictor groups showed significant association with at least one hydration biomarker: (1) Glycemic Load + Carbohydrates + Sodium, (2) Protein + Fat + Zinc, (3) Magnesium + Calcium, (4) Pinitol, (5) Caffeine, (6) Fiber + Betaine, and (7) Water; potassium + three polyols, and mannitol + sorbitol showed no significant associations with any hydration biomarker. All five hydration biomarkers were associated with at least one nutrient predictor in at least one configuration. We conclude that in a real-life scenario, some nutrients may serve as mediators of body water, and urine-specific hydration biomarkers may be more responsive to nutrient intake than measures derived from plasma or body mass.
Highlights
There is substantial and increasing interest in identifying foodstuffs that mediate or moderate body water [1,2,3,4,5]
Hydration biomarker and nutrient intake data were analyzed from 51 subjects
We extend on our findings by showing a second-order association, i.e., correlation between the nutrients before and after clustering (Figure 3)
Summary
There is substantial and increasing interest in identifying foodstuffs that mediate or moderate body water [1,2,3,4,5]. This topic is relevant to exercisers and especially to competitive endurance athletes whose activities typically last for multiple hours, requiring deliberate management of food and fluid intake. Since endurance event organizers typically provide ample water and sports drinks or facilitate ample opportunities for participants to furnish and replenish their own supplies, access to fluids is rarely an issue. Tactics shift away from fluid supply to strategic leverage of consumption, i.e., identification of food-fluid pairings that yield optimal water balance
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