Abstract
AbstractDe facto reuse (DFR) occurs when surface waters receiving wastewater effluent are used as source water by a downstream drinking-water treatment plant (DWTP). Wastewater effluent may contain...
Highlights
De facto reuse (DFR) is the unplanned reuse of discharged wastewater effluent that occurs when the receiving body of water is used as a drinking-water source downstream
The presence of nitrogen can result in the formation of nitrogenated disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) (Kristiana et al 2017; Singer 1994; Sgroi et al 2018), which are more toxic than carbonaceous DBPs (Plewa et al 2008; Richardson et al 2007)
drinking-water treatment plants (DWTPs) NDMA data were collected between 2008 and 2010 as part of the UCMR2 screening survey that included all public water systems that served more than 100,000 people (398 systems), 320 public water systems serving 10,001 to 100,000 people, and 480 systems serving fewer than 10,000 people (USEPA 2012b)
Summary
De facto reuse (DFR) is the unplanned reuse of discharged wastewater effluent that occurs when the receiving body of water is used as a drinking-water source downstream. A primary concern surrounding DFR has been the potential for wastewater effluent to affect disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation at downstream DWTPs (Krasner et al 2013, 2009a, 2008; Mitch et al 2003) or to directly contribute DBPs from the disinfection of treated wastewater (Schreiber and Mitch 2006). DBPs are formed when organic matter reacts with a disinfectant being used at a treatment plant. These by-products are toxic (Plewa et al 2004, 2002; Richardson et al 2007), and consumption of treated water containing DBPs has been associated with cancer (Villanueva et al 2006, 2004) and negative reproductive outcomes (Cedergren et al 2002; Magnus et al 1999) in epidemiological studies. The presence of nitrogen can result in the formation of nitrogenated disinfection byproducts (N-DBPs) (Kristiana et al 2017; Singer 1994; Sgroi et al 2018), which are more toxic than carbonaceous DBPs (Plewa et al 2008; Richardson et al 2007)
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