Abstract
Plant salinity resistance results from a combination of responses at the physiological, molecular, cellular, and metabolic levels. This article focuses on plant stress tolerance mechanisms for controlling ion homeostasis, stress signaling, hormone metabolism, anti-oxidative enzymes, and osmotic balance after nanoparticle applications. Nanoparticles are used as an emerging tool to stimulate specific biochemical reactions related to plant ecophysiological output because of their small size, increased surface area and absorption rate, efficient catalysis of reactions, and adequate reactive sites. Regulated ecophysiological control in saline environments could play a crucial role in plant growth promotion and survival of plants under suboptimal conditions. Plant biologists are seeking to develop a broad profile of genes and proteins that contribute to plant salt resistance. These plant metabolic profiles can be developed due to advancements in genomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic techniques. In order to quantify plant stress responses, transmembrane ion transport, sensors and receptors in signaling transduction, and metabolites involved in the energy supply require thorough study. In addition, more research is needed on the plant salinity stress response based on molecular interactions in response to nanoparticle treatment. The application of nanoparticles as an aspect of genetic engineering for the generation of salt-tolerant plants is a promising area of research. This review article addresses the use of nanoparticles in plant breeding and genetic engineering techniques to develop salt-tolerant crops.
Highlights
Soil salinization of land poses a serious threat and harms the environment, agriculture, and the economy
The SOS gene family plays a vital function in salt tolerance [60]. It was observed by Schmidt et al [61] that more than 10 genes involved in the osmotic regulation process are up-regulated in Spartia alterniflora under salinity stress
It was observed that plants deficient in salt-responsive transcription factor ERF1 (SERF1) exhibit a drop in salt stress tolerance genes. serf1 mutants rice plants deficient in SERF1 exhibit a drop in salt stress tolerance genes. serf1 mutants grown hydroponically for 3–4 weeks were observed to be salt-sensitive while SERF1grown hydroponically for 3-4 weeks were observed to be salt-sensitive while overexpression lines showed increased salt tolerance
Summary
Soil salinization of land poses a serious threat and harms the environment, agriculture, and the economy. Modifications in the expression of salt-responsive genes make the plants more resistant to salinity stress. Ecophysiological traits of plants and their importance for biomass production in response to variable climate change are critical for sustainable agricultural productivity [2–4] Plants can change their ecophysiological mechanism in five known constraints including growth, water dynamics, mineral nutrition, photosynthesis rate, and oxidative stability [5,6]. Nanoparticles can be used to alter plant genetic makeup to become resistant to salt stress. The engineered nanoparticles can cause different effects caused by quantum dots, carbon-based and metal-based effects on plant growth variations, physiological and biochemical traits, food production, and quality of food. Thorough interaction studies between engineered nanoparticles and plants are needed to analyze the toxicity levels and the remediation scheme to build a sustainable environment for agriculture [25]. These nanoparticles are used as biofertilizers, growth stimulators, soil-improving agents, and are used as sensors [28]
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