Abstract
With their functioning democracies albeit accompanied by various deficiencies, Turkey and Malaysia are often referred to as models in the Islamic world. This study aims to assess progresses and setbacks in democratization in Turkey and Malaysia since the early 2000s with a particular attention to their civil societies and conditionality by an external actor. In Turkey, civil society has had a positive impact on democratic consolidation through encouraging political reforms in line with the EU accession process. In addition, AKP government was highly motivated by EU conditionality in adopting remarkable political reforms particularly in its early years in power. Malaysian civil society has also played an effective role in voicing demands for democratic values as long as shared concerns enabled it to transcend ethnic and religious boundaries. Yet, democracy promotion through conditionality has not existed in Malaysia’s relationship with the ASEAN. It is argued that Turkey has had a more favorable internal and external environment to encourage democratization compared with that of Malaysia.
Highlights
With their functioning democracies albeit accompanied by various deficiencies, Turkey and Malaysia are often referred to as models in the Islamic world
This study aims to assess progresses and setbacks in democratization in Turkey and Malaysia since the early 2000s with a particular attention to their civil societies and conditionality by an external actor
AKP government was highly motivated by European Union (EU) conditionality in adopting remarkable political reforms, in the early 2000s
Summary
With their functioning democracies albeit accompanied by various deficiencies, Turkey and Malaysia are often referred to as models in the Islamic world. Through combining internal and external variables, this study departs from the existing literature by rejecting separation among internal and external dimensions of analysis To this end, it attempts to assess impact of civil society along with impact of political conditionality by a relevant external actor over democratization in two developing states. It attempts to assess impact of civil society along with impact of political conditionality by a relevant external actor over democratization in two developing states To put it differently, the aim is to explain democratization in Turkey and Malaysia by adopting a more comprehensive approach, combining an essential domestic variable (civil society) with an influential external actor; the EU in the case of Turkey and the ASEAN in the case of Malaysia
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