Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish what effect music has on students PACER test performance as well as their enjoyment of the test and perceived workload. Subjects were 72 boys and girls, age 9–11. Subjects completed the 20 meter multi-stage (progressive) cardiovascular fitness test known as the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) on three consecutive regularly scheduled class periods. At the conclusion of each test, students filled out a SelfRated Performance survey answering a number of questions about their perceived enjoyment as well as performance level. Each time the test was performed a different version was used, including a mild tempo, a higher tempo music as well as one with no music at all. Results indicated that the fewest participants regardless of gender attained their best score with the non-music version of the test [boys=8 (22%) and girls = 9 (28%]. The boys scored their highest scores on the mild tempo (n=17; 46%) while girls scored highest with the high tempo (n=13; 41%). When comparing test results to SRP scores, significant differences between each of the music versions compared to the non-music version existed (for no music versus mild, P=0.031; for no music versus faster, P=0.025). To conclude, students perform better cardiovascular when music is present. Boys perform better with milder tempo music while girls perform better on the higher tempo. Boys and girls also both enjoy the test more and perceive themselves to have worked harder when music is present as opposed when it is not.
Highlights
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009) reported that the prevalence of obesity among American children aged 6 to 11 has more than doubled in the past 20 years, and the rate among adolescents between the ages of 12 to 19 has more than tripled
Analysis of variance for PACER score was calculated and separated by gender and music version as fixed factors, with BMI used as a covariate
Mean values of the PACER and Self-Rated Performance (SRP) scores can be found for Tables 1 and 2 and in Figures 1 and 2
Summary
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2009) reported that the prevalence of obesity among American children aged 6 to 11 has more than doubled in the past 20 years, and the rate among adolescents between the ages of 12 to 19 has more than tripled. Mohammadzadeh, Tartibiyan, and Ahmadi (2008) conducted a study and found that while exercising with no passive distracter (i.e. music) the subjects mostly concentrated on the negative effects of the workload (fatigue) and perceived their exertion rates to be higher than the numbers indicated. Potteiger, Schroeder, and Geoff (2000) found a significant positive difference between that of the music versions and the non-music version on a fifteen-point rating of perceived exertion survey completed throughout the testing on college students running on a treadmill. Research exists both to support and refute the effects of music on physical activity. To determine the subjects’ attitudes and perceived exertion towards the PACER test variations a Self-Rated Performance (SRP) questionnaire was completed
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