Abstract
The idea that manganese oxide (MnO 2) sustains the reactivity of metallic iron (Fe 0) is investigated in this study. A multi-elemental aqueous system containing Cr VI, Cu II, Mo VI, Sb V, U VI, and Zn II (each about 100 μM) was used as model solution. Non-disturbed batch experiments were performed at initial pH values 4.0 and 6.0 for one month. Three different systems were investigated: (i) “MnO 2 alone”, (ii) “Fe 0 + sand”, and (iii) “Fe 0 + MnO 2”. The experimental vessels contained either: (i) no material (blank), (ii) up to 9.0 g L −1 of MnO 2, or (iii) 5 g L −1 Fe 0 and 0–9.0 g L −1 MnO 2 or sand. Results clearly revealed quantitative contaminant removal (>70%) confirming the suitability of Fe 0 as a highly efficient reactive material for the removal of the 6 tested metallic ions over a pH range applicable to environmental waters. Results also corroborated the suitability of MnO 2 to sustain the long-term Fe 0 reactivity. Further studies in dynamic systems (column studies) are necessary to fine-tune the use of MnO 2 in Fe 0 filtration systems.
Highlights
The idea that manganese oxide (MnO2) sustains the reactivity of metallic iron (Fe0) is investigated in this study
Conventional household Fe0 filters were found very efficient but not sustainable as they were clogged after some weeks of operation [17]
The use of MnO2 to sustain iron reactivity has already been discussed in the literature for the removal of methylene blue [20], clofibric acid [21], diclofenac [22,23], radium [24], and uranium [24,25]
Summary
The idea that manganese oxide (MnO2) sustains the reactivity of metallic iron (Fe0) is investigated in this study. The use of metallic iron (Fe0) for the treatment of contaminated groundwater is already a standard remediation approach [1,2,3] This approach has the great advantage that many classes of contaminants are removed in a single filtration operation [4]. This observation has motivated the suggestion of Fe0 as reactive agent for decentralized safe drinking water provision [5,6,7,8] in general and for household filters in particular [9,10]. For the sake of clarity, the oxidation of Fe0 by water (H+) and MnO2 are given by Eq 4 and 5
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