Abstract
BackgroundCumulative evidence from several tumor studies, including bladder cancer, emphasizes the importance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in tumorigenesis, development, and metastasis, which can be regulated by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). This study aims to identify bladder cancer (BC) microenvironment–associated lncRNAs for their prognostic value predicting the survival of BC patients.MethodsThe data of BC patients regarding lncRNA expression and corresponding clinical characteristics were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The Cox regression analysis and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis were performed to screen lncRNAs following the calculation of the immune score for each sample. For the screened lncRNAs, a risk score model was constructed to predict the survival, and 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were assessed using a nomogram. The calibration curve and concordance index (C-index) validated the performance of the nomogram. Finally, to explore the potential function related to the screened lncRNAs, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were performed.ResultsThe multivariate Cox regression analysis screened five TME-associated lncRNAs regarded as independent factors influencing the tumor progression. The corresponding risk score model was established as follows: (−0.15816 AC064805.1) + (0.10015 AC084033.3) + (−0.17977 AC092112.1) + (−0.05673AC103691.1) + (0.17789 AL391704.1) + (−0.16258 LINC00892). The C-index for the nomogram was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.625–0.635). Also, the calibration curve verified the predictive effectiveness by showing a good concordance between the nomogram prediction and the actual observation. GO and KEGG analysis demonstrated that six TME-associated lncRNAs were most likely linked to tumor metastasis and progression.ConclusionThe present study determined six lncRNAs as independent immuno-biomarkers in the TME, constructed a nomogram to predict their prognostic value, and investigated the potential biological processes to understand their regulatory roles in the progression of BC.
Highlights
Due to poor prognosis and high recurrence, bladder cancer (BC) is considered a significant threat to male health (Cumberbatch et al, 2018)
LncRNAs as the Independent Prognostic Factors Based on the Risk Score Model
The results demonstrate that AC064805.1 (HR: 0.854; 95% CI: 0.748–0.975; P = 0.0194), AC092112.1 (HR: 0.835; 95% CI: 0.737–0.947; P = 0.0049), and LINC00892 (HR: 0.850; 95% CI: 0.758–0.953; P = 0.0054) with prolonged overall survival (OS) probability were regarded as independent positive prognostic factors
Summary
Due to poor prognosis and high recurrence, bladder cancer (BC) is considered a significant threat to male health (Cumberbatch et al, 2018). During disease management combined with chemotherapy or immunotherapy, close follow-up after patient discharge can effectively reduce the risk of tumor recurrence and progression to muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) (Babjuk et al, 2017). An early radical cystectomy could be beneficial in the case of non-metastatic MIBC, but the corresponding comprehensive treatment scheme must be applied to improve the prognosis in a case-specific manner (Alfred et al, 2017). Identifying the key biomarkers linked to the tumor regulatory network could facilitate early diagnosis and timely targeted treatment to reduce the risk of recurrence, progression, and mortality in BC. This study aims to identify bladder cancer (BC) microenvironment–associated lncRNAs for their prognostic value predicting the survival of BC patients
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